Answer-to-Pragamatics语言学练习4

1、SuggestedanswerstoPragmaticsI.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:l.F2.F3.T4.T5.F6.F7.F8.F9.F10.T11.T12.FII.Fillineachblankbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:13.Pragmatics14.semantics15.context16.utterance17.abstract18.Constatives19.Performatives20.locutionary21.illocutionary22.commissive23.expressive24.quantityIII.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:25.A26.C27.D28.B29.C30.B31.A32.C33.B34.C35.A36.DIV.Definetheterms。

2、below:37.pragmatics:Pragmaticscanbedefinedasthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.38.Context:Generallyspeaking,itconsistsoftheknowledgethatissharedbythespeakerandthehearer.Thesharedknowledgeisoftwotypes:theknowledgeofthelanguagetheyuse,andtheknowledgeabouttheworld,includingthegeneralknowledgeabouttheworldandthespecificknowledgeaboutthesituationinwhichlinguisticcommunicationistakingplace.39.utterancemeaning:themeaningofanutteranceisconcrete,andcontext-depende。

3、nt.Utteranceisbasedonsentencemeaning;itisrealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyinacontext.40.sentencemeaning:Themeaningofasentenceisoftenconsideredastheabstract,intrinsicpropertyofthesentenceitselfintermsofapredication.41.Constative:Constativeswerestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andwereverifi-able;42.Performative:performatives,ontheotherhand,weresentencesthatdidnotstateafactordescribeastate,andwerenotverifiable.Theirfunctionistoperformaparticularsp。

4、eechact.43.locutionaryact:Alocutionaryactistheactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.44.illocutionaryact:Anillocutionaryactistheactofexpressingthespeaker'sintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.45.perlocutionaryact:Aperlocutionaryactistheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance;itistheactperformedbysayingsomething.46.CooperativePrinciple:Itisprincipleadvancedb。

5、yPaulGrice.Itisaprinciplethatguidesourconversationalbehaviours.Thecontentis:Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasisrequiredatthestageatwhichitoccursbytheacceptedpurposeorthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:47.Howaresemanticsandpragmaticsdifferentfromeachother?Traditionalsemanticsstudiedmeaning,butthemeaningoflanguagewasconsideredassomethingintrinsic,andinherent,i.e.apropertyattachedtolanguageitself。

6、.Therefore,meaningsofwords,meaningsofsentenceswereallstudiedinanisolatedmanner,detachedfromthecontextinwhichtheywereused.Pragmaticsstudiesmeaningnotinisolation,butincontext.Theessentialdistinctionbetweensemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherthecontextofuseisconsideredinthestudyofmeaning.Ifitisnotconsidered,thestudyisrestrictedtotheareaoftraditionalsemantics;ifitisconsidered,thestudyisbeingcarriedoutintheareaofpragmatics.48.Howdoesasentencedifferfromanutterance?Asentenceisagrammaticalconcept.Itusuallyco。

7、nsistsofasubjectandpredicate.Anutteranceistheunitofcommunication.Itisthesmallestlinguisticunitthathasacommunicativevalue.Ifweregardasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesanutterance.Whether“Maryisbeautiful.”isasentenceoranutterancedependsonhowwelookatit.Ifweregarditasagrammaticalunitoraself-containedunitinisolation,thenitisasentence.Ifwelookatitassomethingutteredinacertainsituationwithacertainpurpose,thenitisanutterance.Mostutterancestaketheformofcompletesentences,。

8、butsomeutterancesarenot,andsomecannotevenberestoredtocompletesentences.49.Howdoesasentencemeaningdifferfromanutterancemeaning?Asentencemeaningisoftenconsideredastheintrinsicpropertyofthesentenceitselfintermsofapredication.Itisabstractandindependentofcontext.Themeaningofanutteranceisconcrete,andcontext-dependent.Theutterancemeaningisbasedonsentencemeaning;itisrealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyinacontext.Forexample,“Thereisadogatthedoor”.Thespeakerco。

9、uldutteritasamatter-of-factstatement,tellingthehearerthatthedogisatthedoor.Thespeakercoulduseitasawarning,askingthehearernottoapproachthedoor.Thereareotherpossibilities,too.So,theunderstandingoftheutterancemeaningof“Thereisadogatthedoor”dependsonthecontextinwhichitisutteredandthepurposeforwhichthespeakeruttersit.50.Discussindetailthelocutionaryact,illocutionaryactandperlocutionaryact.Alocutionaryactistheactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexicon。

10、andphonology.Anillocutionaryactistheactofexpressingthespeaker'sintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.Aperlocutionaryactistheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance;itistheactperformedbysayingsomething.Forexample:Youhaveleftthedoorwideopen.Thelocutionaryactperformedbythespeakeristhathehasutteredallthewordsyou,'have,door,left,open,etc.andexpressedwhatthewordliterallymean.Theillocutionaryactperformedbythespeakeristhatbymakingsu。