7-Pragmatic-Presupposition语用预设

7PRAGMATICPRESUPPOSITION语用预设/前提Contents◦7.1Entailmentandpresupposition◦7.2Pragmaticpresupposition◦7.3Cancelationofpresupposition◦7.4Projectionproblemswithpresupposition◦7.5Presuppositiontriggers7.1Entailmentandpresupposition◦Insemantics,entailmentreferstothesemanticrelationbetweenpropositionsofwhichonelogicallyfollowsfromanother.E.g.(a)Ihaveabrother.entails:Ihaveasibling.7.1Entailmentandpresupposition◦TwoconditionsarenecessaryforPropositionAtoentailPropositionB(Aǁ-B):ConditionOne:IfAistrue,Bistrue.ConditionTwo:IfAisnottrue,Bmaybetrueorfalse.7.1Entailmentandpresupposition◦E.g.Thatpersonisabachelor.entails:Thatpersonisaman.7.1Entailmentandpresupposition◦Semanticpresuppositionreferstothesemanticrelationbetweentwopropositionsofwhichoneisthepremiseorpre-conditionoftheother.E.g.Mybrotherisalinguist.presupposesIhaveabrother.7.1Entailmentandpresupposition◦TwoconditionsnecessaryforAtopresupposesB(AB):ConditionA:IfAistrue,Bistrue.ConditionB:IfAisnottrue,Bisstilltrue.7.1Entailmentandpresupposition◦Constancyundernegationtest否定测试下恒定thenegationtestdoesnotapplytosemanticentailment.7.1Entailmentandpresupposition◦Bothsemanticentailmentandsemanticpresupposition:Informationwhichisnotstatedbutimplicitlycommunicated.Bothrequireinferring.Sentencesorpropositions,notspeakers,containsemanticentailmentsandcommunicatesemanticpresuppositions.◦Readcarefullythelastparagraphin7.1onp.937.2Pragmaticpresupposition◦Inpragmatics,moreconcernedwithhowspeakersorwritersmakeuseofpresuppositionsasawayofcommunicatingimplicitmeaning.◦(Pragmatic)presupposition7.2Pragmaticpresupposition◦Propertiesofpragmaticpresupposition:◦(1)Speakers,notsentencesorpropositions,havepragmaticpresuppositions;◦(2)Pragmaticpresuppositioncoverseverythingthatthespeakerassumestobeinexistenceortruepriortomakinganutterance.Itconcernsnotonlyactualinformationbutalsoexpectations,desires,claims,attitudes,fearsandbeliefs.7.2Pragmaticpresupposition◦Propertiesofpragmaticpresupposition:◦(3)Commongroundormutualknowledgerequirement(互知条件):theinformationpragmaticallypresupposedbythespeakermustbesharedbythehearer;◦(4)Pragmaticpresuppositioniscontext-sensitiveandrelatedtofelicityconditions(适切条件)ofutterances.7.2Pragmaticpresupposition◦Propertiesofpragmaticpresupposition:◦(5)Thecancelabilityordefeasibility(可撤销或可证伪性)(see7.3)7.3Cancelationofpresupposition◦Pragmaticpresuppositioncanbecancelled:◦(1)incertaincontexts(eithertheimmediatelinguisticcontextorthelessimmediatediscoursecontext,orcircumstanceswherecontraryassumptionsaremade);◦(2)bythespeakerincertaincontexts.7.4Projectionproblemswithpresupposition◦Presuppositioncontainedinasimplestructuremaynotsurviveinacomplexstructurecontainingthatsimplestructure.◦Examplesonp.967.5Presuppositiontriggers◦Semanticpresuppositionisgenerallydetectablebymeansofsomelinguisticformswhicharecalledpresuppositiontriggers(预设/前提触发语).7.5Presuppositiontriggers◦A.Definitedescriptions有定描述◦B.Factiveverbsoradjectivephrases叙实类动词/形容词短语◦C.Implicativeverbs隐含类动词◦D.Change-of-stateverbs状态变化类动词◦E.Iteratives反复类词语◦F.Verbsofjudging判断类动词◦G.Temporalclause/phrase时间从句/短语7.5Presuppositiontriggers◦H.Cleftsentences分裂句◦I.Non-restrictiveattributiveclauses非限定性关系从句◦J.Counterfactualconditionals反事实类条件句◦K.Questions疑问句◦L.Markedstress有标记重音