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2020/1/151Lecture3英汉句子内部衔接的差异与省译和增译2020/1/152ContentsII.CohesiveDevicesI.RemarksIII.OmissioninTranslationIV.AdditioninTranslation2020/1/153I.Remarks1.奈达Translatingmeaning(《译意》):就汉语和英语而言,也许在语言学中最重要的一个区别就是形合与意合的对比(contrastbetweenhypotaxisandparataxis)2020/1/1542.傅雷:东方人与西方人的思维方式有基本分歧,我人重综合,重归纳,重暗示,重含蓄;西方人则重分析,细微曲折,挖掘唯恐不尽,描写唯恐不周。3.汉语学家王力:西洋语法是硬的,没有弹性;中国语法是软的,富有弹性。……所以中国语法以达意为主。英国人写文章往往化零为整,而中国人写文章却往往化整为零。2020/1/1554.龚光明:形合注重的是显性接应(overtcohesion),以形显义;意合注重的是隐性连贯(covertcoherence),以意统形。2020/1/156ChineseEnglishSemanticLanguageGrammaticalLanguageCovertCoherenceOvertCohesionParataxisHypotaxis2020/1/157II.CohesiveDevices照应(reference)省略(ellipsis)替代(substitution)连接(conjunction)词汇衔接(lexicalcohesion)2020/1/1581.照应(reference)人称照应personalreference照应指示照应demonstrativereference比较照应comparativereference2020/1/1591)人称照应通过人称代词(they,she,him)、所属限定词(his,your,its)和所属代词(hers,mine,theirs)实现。英语人称代词及相应限定词的使用频率大大高于汉语。2020/1/1510孔乙己是站着喝酒而穿长衫的唯一的人。他身材高大;青白脸色,皱纹间时常夹些伤痕;一副乱蓬蓬的花白的胡子。穿的虽然是长衫,可是又脏又破,似乎十多年没有补,也没有洗。Kongwastheonlylong-gownedcustomertodrinkhiswinestanding.Hewasabigman,strangelypallid,withscarsthatoftenshowedamongthewrinklesofhisface.Hehadalargeunkemptbeard,streakedwithwhite.Althoughheworealonggown,itwasdirtyandtattered,andlookedasifithasnotbeenwashedormendedforovertenyears.(YangXianyi&GladysYang)2020/1/15112.指示照应说话人通过指明事物在时间和空间上的远近(proximity)来确定所指对象。汉语“这”,“那”,英语“this”,“that”。语义相同但指称功能不同。汉语的“这”起化远为近的作用,功能负荷量大于“那”,使用频率也高于“那”,但英语中恰恰相反。2020/1/1512我也十分得意这幅“大作”,并没有感觉到是对老师的不尊重。Iwasnaturallyproudofmymasterpiece,withouttheslightestideathatitwasanastyinsulttohim.2020/1/1513这倒难以定说。可是你只要看看这儿的小客厅,就得到了解答。这里面有一个金融界的大亨,又有一位工业界的巨头;这小客厅就是中国社会的缩影。It’satallorder,yourquestion.Butyoucanfindananswerinthenextroom.Thereyouhaveasuccessfulfinancierandacaptainofindustry.ThatlittledrawingroomisChinesesocietyinminiature2020/1/15143.比较照应通过形容词和副词的比较等级形式以及其他有比较意义的词语(same,so,as,such,differently,otherwise)表示照应关系。语篇中其承上启下的作用。因为任何比较至少涉及两个实体或事态,如有表达比较意义的词语出现,会话参与者或读者会在上下文寻找与其构成比较关系的其他词语,由此形成语篇的衔接。2020/1/1515•Jimvisitshisgrandmaeveryweek,butIneverknewhedoesthatsooften.•Bothteamsclaimanothergame.•Itmustbecolderinthecountryside,I’mafraid.2020/1/15162.省略(ellipsis)省略指篇章中句子或小句中一些基本成分的缺省,被省略的部分要借助于上下文才能发现。省略可看作是一种特殊的替代——零替代(substitutionbyzero)。包括名词性省略(nominalellipsis)动词性省略(verbalellipsis)分句性省略(clausalellipsis)。2020/1/1517•Peoplehavevariousaims.Some(people)wanttoearnmuchmoney.Some(people)wanttobefamous。•——Haveyouhandedinthepaper?——Yes,Ihave().•Inthepast,theywoulddismissthekidswithsomemoneyasagiftforthelunarNewYear,butnot()nowadays.2020/1/15183.替代(substitution)替代指的是用替代形式(pro-form)去替代上下文所出现的词语。使用替代既是为了避免重复,也是为了连接上下文。替代主要有:名词性替代(nominalsubstitution)动词性替代(verbalsubstitution)分句性替代(clausalsubstitution)2020/1/15191)Lookatthesunsetglow,Ihaveneverseenaredderonethanthat.2)Ithinkyoumaylikethispen.Ifyoudo,youcantakeitawayasagift.3)Theweathermansaidthatitwasgoingtoraintomorrow.Ifso,wewillstayathome4)你画得不像,等我来。5)他们总是把房间搞得乱七八糟,你怎么也这样呢?2020/1/15204.连接(conjunction)连接是通过连接成分体现语篇中的种种逻辑关系的手段。连接关系是通过连接词、某些副词或词组实现。连接手段的标记是各种连接词。连接词是语篇中的“谋篇机制”,它是语篇构建的重要因素。Halliday和Hasan(1976)将英语的连接分为增补(additive),转折(adversative),原因(causal),时间(temporal)。2020/1/15211)增补型:and、furthermore、what’smore、inaddition,besides,aswell•AnnewasateacherandformerstudentatschoolfortheblindinBoston.Shehadhadeyesightproblemsearlyinlifeaswell.2020/1/15222)原因型:since,as,because,nowthat,dueto,owingto,thanksto•NowthatHelenunderstoodthekeytolanguage,shewaseagertolearnmoreanduseitasmuchasshecould.•AsHelen’sknowledgeandvocabularyexpanded,sheaskedmoreandmorequestions.2020/1/15233)转折型:•although,though,nevertheless,eventhough,however,ontheotherhand,otherwise•ThemeaningoflovewasstillnotapparenttoHelenbutshekeptontryingtounderstand.2020/1/15244)时间型:•when,while,as,before,after•Shehadabreakthroughwhileworkingonasimpletask.•ShewasmakingnecklaceswiththehelpofMissSullivanwhenshenoticedthatshehadmadesomemistakes.2020/1/15255.词汇衔接(lexicalcohesion)•词汇衔接指通过词的重复、同义、反义、上下义、互补、同现等词汇间的语义关系来实现语篇连贯。•运用这些词可以产生很强的粘合力,形成一张“词汇网”(lexiconnetwork),赋予语篇连贯性。•分为两大类:复现(reiteration)同现(collocation)2020/1/15265.1.复现关系1)原词复现2)同义词或近义词复现(synonyms&near-synonyms)3)上义词和下义词复现(superordinate&hyponym)2020/1/1527原词复现•乡镇工业园区已经成为我市乡镇企业“二次创业”的有效载体,极大地改善了企业的发展环境。目前已有3772家企业进驻园区。•Townshipindustrialzonesprovidesolidvehiclesforthecity’senterprisesinrunningnewbusinessesandgreatlyimprovethesettingforthedevelopmentofsuchentities.Sofar,3772establishmentshavefoundhomeinthesequarters.2020/1/1528同义词和近义词复现•孔乙己便涨红了脸,额头上的青筋条条绽出,争辩道:“窃书不能算偷……窃书……读书人的事,能算偷么?”•AtthatKongYijiwouldflush,theveinsonhisforeheadstandingoutasheprotested,“Takingbookscan’tbecountedasstealing…Takingbooks…forascholar…can’tbecountedasstealing.”2020/1/1529上下义词复现•普之仁领着我穿着茶花走,指点着告诉我这叫大玛瑙,那叫雪狮子,这是蝶翅,那是大紫袍,名目花色多得很。后来他攀着一株茶树的小干枝说:“这叫童子面,花期迟,刚打着朵,开起来颜色深红,倒是最好看的。”(杨朔《茶花赋》)•Takingmethroughthegrovesofcamellias,PuZhirentoldmethenamesofdifferentvarieties:GiantAgate,Snowlion,ButterflyWing,GiantPurpleRobeandmanyothers.Then,takingholdofasmallbranchofacamelliatree,hesaid,“ThisisBabyFace.Asitbloomslate,it’sonlyjustinbud.Withdeepredblossoms,it’sreallymostbe
本文标题:003内部衔接.
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