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PhysicsofSemiconductorDevices(双语)李聪Email:cong.li@mail.xidian.edu.cnTel:88201983-801Add:老校区新科技楼503室BJT词汇bipolar:双极emitter:发射区,发射极base:基区,基极collector:集电区,集电极forward-activeoperatingmodel:正向放大工作模式injectionefficiency:注入效率basetransportfactor:基区输运系数common-emittercurrentgain:共射极电流放大系数common-basecurrentgain:共基极电流放大系数base-widthmodulation:基区宽度调制Earlyeffect:厄利效应basespreadingresistance:基区扩展电阻currentcrowding:电流集边效应上次作业Threephysicalprinciplesmakeausefulfirstdescriptionofthewayabipolartransistorworks.(a)Theexternallyappliedvoltagescontroltheratioofthecarrierdensitiesonthetwosidesofeachdepletionlayers.(b)Awayfromthedepletionlayertheregionsareneutral.(c)Hencecarriersmoveawayfromthejunctionsafterinjectionbydiffusionandtheactionofanyfieldsbuiltinbyvariabledoping.Theappliedvoltagescontrolthecarrierflowsolelythroughtheinjectionprocess.Wecanseetheseideasfromthreeaspects:thevariationalongalinefromemittertocollectorofthepotentialandthebandstructure,thefluxesofholesandelectrons,andthecarrierdensities.Threephysicalprinciplesmakeausefulfirstdescriptionofthewayabipolartransistorworks.提示:first(adj)第一的,最早的,基本的;firstprinciple:基本原理,第一原理first-principle:第一性原理翻译:依照三条物理原理可以对双极晶体管的工作方式进行有效的基本描述。(a)Theexternallyappliedvoltagescontroltheratioofthecarrierdensitiesonthetwosidesofeachdepletionlayers.提示:density不要翻译为密度(密度表示单位体积的质量,浓度表示单位体积的数量)翻译:外加电压控制耗尽层两侧的载流子浓度比。(b)Awayfromthedepletionlayertheregionsareneutral.提示:awayfrom:离开,远离;结合物理意义,此处只能翻译为离开,不能翻译为远离。翻译:耗尽层以外的区域是电中性的。何为“中性区”?neutralregion电中性条件即是说半导体内部总是保持为电中性的,其中没有多余的空间电荷,即处处正电荷密度等于负电荷密度。正因为电中性条件的要求,所以,不管半导体中两种载流子的浓度(或者数量)相差何等的大小,但都不会出现多余的电荷。例如n型半导体,其中的多数载流子——电子,都是由施主杂质原子所提供的;当每一个施主杂质原子给出一个导电的电子以后,自己就变成了一个带正电荷的中心——电离施主中心,它们的正负电荷相等,互相补偿,依然保持整个半导体是电中性的。至于其中的少数载流子——空穴,由于主要是通过本征激发所产生出来的,它们(空穴与电子)是成对产生的,所以少数载流子的多少也不会导致出现多余的净电荷。可见,虽然n型半导体中的电子数量远远大于空穴——少数载流子的数量,但是就整个半导体内部来说,始终是电中性的。对于p型半导体,依然如此。BJT的中性区近似中性区近似,是指PN结两边的扩散区认为近似是电中性的(实际上扩散区中存在非平衡少数载流子),但扩散长度有限,且非平衡少数载流子数量较少,因此可以忽略之。基区内建电场在热平衡情况下,由于掺杂浓度不均匀、或者注入的非平衡载流子浓度不均匀,即会在半导体内部的局部区域产生出多余的电荷——空间电荷,并出现相应的电场——内建电场;但是这并不违反电中性条件,因为存在的电荷总是正、负电荷两种同时出现,它们在数量上也是相等的,则从整个半导体来说还是保持为电中性的。n型掺杂不均匀的半导体,其中掺杂浓度较高处将会出现多数载流子(电子)欠缺、并出现正空间电荷,而在掺杂浓度较低处将会出现多数载流子(电子)过剩、并出现负空间电荷,从而产生相应的内建电场;但是正、负空间电荷相等。(c)Hencecarriersmoveawayfromthejunctionsafterinjectionbydiffusionandtheactionofanyfieldsbuiltinbyvariabledoping.提示:第一个by修饰move,表示运动的方式。从语法关系分析也可以认为是修饰injection,表示注入的方式。但是结合专业知识理解,只能是修饰move;and连接diffusion和action;第二个by修饰builtin;翻译:因此,注入后载流子通过扩散方式离开结,如果基区掺杂不均匀,载流子离开结还会受到自建电场的作用。Theappliedvoltagescontrolthecarrierflowsolelythroughtheinjectionprocess.提示:“solely”修饰control,也就是说外加电压仅能控制注入过程中载流子的流动,而不能控制中性区中载流子的流动。(注:“外加电压仅控制载流子的流动”和“载流子的流动仅由外加电压控制”是两个不同的意思。)翻译:外加电压只是(仅)通过注入过程控制载流子流。Wecanseetheseideasfromthreeaspects:thevariationalongalinefromemittertocollectorofthepotentialandthebandstructure,thefluxesofholesandelectrons,andthecarrierdensities.提示:”see“:了解,明白;flux:流量翻译:我们可以从三个方面理解上述概念:从发射极到集电极方向势能和能带结构的变化,电子和空穴流的变化以及载流子浓度的变化。补充内容一:阅读理解Thedifferencebetweentheforward-activeandinverse-activemodesofoperationinverseandreverseinverse:侧重数量关系、所处位置上的相反。可译为:(在数或量上呈)反向变化的,上下颠倒的,倒置的。常见短语:ininverseproportionto与...成反比inversefunction反函数inversematrix逆矩阵inversetransform逆变换;反转换reverse:侧重顺序、方向上的相反。可译为:逆向的,逆序的,背面的。常见短语:reverseengineering逆向工程,reverseevaluation逆运算reversesaturationcurrent反向饱和电流reversebias反向偏置reversedrive逆向驾驶逆向掺杂分布:retrogradedopingforward-activemode(b)Crosssectionofannpnbipolartransistorshowingtheinjectionandcollectionofelectronsintheinverse-activemode.(a)Minoritycarrierdistributioninannpnbipolartransistoroperatingintheinverse-activemode.inverse-activemodeFigure(a)showstheminoritycarrierdistributioninthenpntransistorfortheinverse-activemode.Inthiscase,theB-EisreversebiasedandtheB-Cisforwardbiased.Electronsfromthecollectorarenowinjectedintothebase.Thegradientintheminoritycarrierelectronconcentrationinthebaseisintheoppositedirectioncomparedwiththeforward-activemode,sotheemitterandcollectorcurrentswillchangedirection.Figure(b)showstheinjectionofelectronsfromthecollectorintothebase.SincetheB-CareaisnormallymuchlargerthantheB-Earea,notalloftheinjectedelectronswillbecollectedbytheemitter.Therelativedopingconcentrationsinthebaseandcollectorarealsodifferentcomparedwiththoseinthebaseandemitter;thus,weseethatthetransistorisnotsymmetrical.Wethenexpectthecharacteristicstobesignificantlydifferentbetweentheforward-activeandinverse-activemodesofoperation.Basespreadingresistance:基区扩展电阻Becausecurrentgaininamplifyingtransistorsistypicallysohigh,wemaybetemptedtoassumethatbasecurrentisnegligibleandthereforethatresistanceinthebaseregionisoflittleconsequencetotransistoroperation.However,evensmallvoltagedifferencesinthebaseregionaremagnifiedbytheexponentialdiodefactor,andthuscancausemuchlargerdifferencesincurrentdensitiesacrosstheemitter-basepnjunction.Atypicalbasethickness,however,ismuchlessthanonemicrometerandthereforeasizableresistanceisgenerallypresentbetweenthebaseelectrodeandtheactiveareaofthetransistor.Becausetheemitter-basecurrentisspreadovertheactiveregionoftheemitter(Fig.11.6),thebasecurrent
本文标题:07第七讲BJT结
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