电动汽车的安全性分析

湖南大学硕士学位论文电动汽车的安全性分析姓名：杨剑申请学位级别：硕士专业：车辆工程指导教师：曹立波20050303IAbstractWhenelectricvehiclesarechargingorrunning,someaccidentsmayhappen.Theelectricvehiclesmaybeinvolvedincrash,shortcircuit,batterysplittingandleakelectricity,heatimpact,explosion,burning,andetc.Consequently,thepassengerswouldbearmechanicalinjury,electricinjury,chemicalinjury,explosiveinjury,burninginjuryandetc.So,itisachallengetoEVsafetyresearcherstoresearchandimprovethesafetyofelectricvehiclesforthereductionoftheinjuriesandeconomicallossinaccidents.Thepossiblemechanismsthatthepowersystemofelectricvehicleshurtspassengerswereanalyzedinthepaper,includingelectricinjury,chemicalinjury,burninginjury,andetc.Thereasonsthatcausetheseinjurieswereanalyzedindetail.Thesafetycharacteristicsofthebatteriesthatelectricvehicleisincommonuse,suchasexcidebattery,MH-Nibattery,Li+battery,andfuelbattery,areresearched.BymeansofusingtheequipmentsintheautomotivelaboratoryofHunanUniversity,sometesteshadbeendonetoresearchthesafetyperformanceofthepowersystemsanditsinfluenceontheelectricvehiclesintheconditionofsimulatingrealcarrunning.Thedischargecharacteristicsofthepowersystemswereanalyzed.Then,anewwayforappraisingtheperformanceofthebatterieshadbeenproposed.Summingupaboveworks,thepossiblesafetyaccidentmodesandtheirtestingandprotectivemethodshadbeenbuiltup.Ahydrogendensitymeasuresystemhadbeendevelopedperfectly.Keywords:electricvehicle;powersystem;safetyperformance,testresearch,performanceappraisingII1______211.121863[1]1.21.2.111.1[2]1.1P106EV1S-10PangarEPDCRAV-4PhsALTAR/kg10881350168221252318154016201704/kg13881550211424552682181518402000/km/h190120120120128215220193/km851448080128215220193/v612128121212282026263930242412/h22686.58520031124HONDAFCXINSIGHTFCX2002FCX100102003310KAZ.71.956008410010619641968132Hy-wire1.2.2206019808638.81.3ICTA[3],11(1)Fire();(2)SteamBurns;(3)HeatBurns;(4)ChemicalBurns;(5)Refueling;(6)ElectricShock;(7)Collision;(8)Rollover;(9)ToxicFumes;(10)Noiseand(11)ManufacturingDefects(1)hydrogengassing;(2)electrolytespillage;(3)exposuretotoxicfumes(4)electricshock[4]NGK100Wh:(1)(2)(3)(4)[5]BMS[6]Argonne3[7]ZEBRAZEBRAUSABC[8][9]USABC(1)(2)()(3)()(4)()[10][11][12](ISOICE)70ISO/DIS6469-1:2000[13](m3/h)ISO/DIS6469-22000[14]ISO/DIS6469-3:2000[15]IECIEC60718:1997[16]IEC783:1984[17]IEC61851-1:2001[18]IEC61851-2-1/CDV:1999/[19]IEC784:1984[20]SAEJ1766:1998[21]20014GB/T18384.1~18384.3:2001[22]ISO/DIS6469-1~ISO/DIS6469-3:2000GB/T18332.12001[23]GB/T18332.2--2001[24]GB/Z18333.1---2001[25]GB/Z18333.22001[26]1.48631)2)3)4)52123456789102.12.1.1()()()2070VRLAOHPbSOeSOHPbO24242224+←→+++−+ePbSOSOPb2424+←→+−62.1.22.1.2.1ab()c()2.1.2.2eHOOH44222++→+OHPbSOSOHOPb244222222+→++↑→++222HeHH2476SO22.27[27][28],[29]:64%,15%,11%,10%2.2.130%Ni(OH)2+OH-NiOOH+H2O+eM+H2O+eMH+OH-M+Ni(OH)2NiOOH+MHMMH2.2.21MH-Ni[30][31]2MH-Ni[32],83MH-NiMH-NiNiOOH-H2O,2H2O+2eH2+2OH-Ni(OH)2NiOOHNi(OH)2OH-4OH--4eO2+2H2O4MH-Ni[33][34],,MH-Ni,MH-Ni[35][32][36][37]MH-Ni92.33.6VNi/CdNi/MH3140Wh/kgNi/CdNi/MH2-31-2Ni/MH30%Ni/MH50%[38]2.12.1[38]/(Wh.L-1)/(Wh.kg-1)//V/V/3.64.2~2.5246400100150500~10000~45-20~601.580250~652.030200~500-20~60-1.21.4~1.015524060705000~45-20~65-1.21.4~1.019028070805000~45-20~65SAFTEPIC45SAFT20020SAFTSeicentoElettra140[39]310841007[40]102.3.1(LIB)(PLIB)LiCoO2LiNiO2LiMn2O4-LixC6LiPF6LiAsF6PPPE(PE-PP-PE)Li+LiMO2+nC←→Li1-XMO2+LixCn2.3.21O22.2CH4CO2.3PC[39]2Li(s)+C4H6O3PC(l)Li2CO3s+CH3CH=CH3(g)Li2CO3,5V2.2[41]/min-10.52Li0.3NiO2180205Li0.4CoO2225240-MnO23553802.355[41]EC/DEC(11)EC/DMC(11)PC/DEC(11)/v4.254.14.351122.12.22.1[38]2.2[38]123CH4O2CH4(g)+2O2(g)CO−)750650(00CC→2(g)+2H2O(g)PCEC2.42.4250C[38]redoxtmp/0Ctbp/0C/V(Vs.SCE)(EC)37238-3.0+3.2(PC)-49242-0.3+3.6(BC)-53240-0.3+4.2(MF)-9932(MA)-9858-2.9+3.4(MP)-8879(DMC)390(EMC)-55108-3.0+3.7(DEC)-43127tmptbpredox,2.3BJD6100-EV[42]132.34()2.4[43]2.4(FuelCell)60%-84%1998[44]141999Necar5MARK9002.4.12.4.1.12.52.5PAFCAFCPEMFCMCFCSOFCH2PO4KOHH+Li2CO3K2CO3Y2O3Zr2O3/100~20050~200~1006507009001000/(w/kg)120~18035~105340~150030~4015~20H2H2H2H2H2COCH4H2O2O2PEMFCPt()(70100)PEMFCPEMFC2.4.1.2152.5-()O2+4H++4e2H2O()2H24H++4e2H2+O22H2O[47]2.62.52.62.4.2[45]()334.5Mpa1)16AFCPAFCMCFCSOFCPEMFCPAFCMCFCSOFC[46]PEMFC199719993[47]PEMFCPEMFC2)-2531%-3%-3172002700EIHP()NGV23205640%()42%20005FCX-V555[48]MinamiCoralCableDr.MichaelR.Swain[49]185,,,,,1933.13.1.1ECEAs3.1ECEECE73.1ECE0A140A,ECE[31]3.1.20100km/h20km/h3.20100km/hA3.30100km/h3.23.30100km/h894s10s21[42]3.23.2.13.4518002053.43.53.6,12V3.51800223.618003.73.7233.2.23.83.83.93.113.123.9243.1140Km/h20Km/h300.4V3.103.12253.2.3SAEJ1766:1998[50]50Km/h3.133.143.153.163.1412V0.2V3.133.14263.153.33.16SAEJ1766:19985L1080Ah12VGB/T18332.2-20016.5273.1753.183.193.3.151800203.173.18283.3.2Km/h3.193.203.203.213.2240Km/h203.21293.22303.3.350Km/h3.233.243.23313.253.243.254-5[51]:1380km248h350kWhICTA343004007009002004100kWh5[52]1/3324.14.1.133SFUDS79SBA4.1SFUDS79S[52]4.1SFUDS79[52]SFUDS79SBAMphSFUDS79SBA4.24.3SFUDS79AS4.234706050403020100100200300400500600SFUDS794415A14.4V3A1157.0V15A14.4V3A115254.3SFUDS79ECE4.1.2EC