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Chapter14StaticallyIndeterminateStructure(StaticallyIndeterminateStructure)第十四章静不定结构(Chapter14StaticallyIndeterminateStructure)§14-3对称及反对称性质的应用(Applicationaboutsymmetricalandantisymmetricalproperties)§14-1静不定结构概述(Instructionaboutstaticallyindeterminatestructure)§14-2用力法解静不定结构(Solvingstaticallyindeterminatestructurebyforcemethod)(StaticallyIndeterminateStructure)一、静不定结构(Staticallyindeterminatestructure)在静不定结构中,超过维持静力学平衡所必须的约束称为多余约束,多余约束相对应的反力称为多余约束反力,多余约束的数目为结构的静不定次数(degreeofstaticallyindeterminate).§14-1静不定结构概述(InstructionaboutStaticallyindeterminatestructure)用静力学平衡方程无法确定全部约束力和内力的结构,统称为静不定结构或系统(staticallyindeterminatestructure),也称为超静定结构或系统.(StaticallyIndeterminateStructure)第三类:在结构外部和内部均存在多余约束,即支反力和内力是静不定的,也称联合静不定结构.二、静不定问题分类(Classificationforstaticallyindeterminate)第一类:仅在结构外部存在多余约束,即支反力是静不定的,可称为外力静不定系统;第二类:仅在结构内部存在多余约束,即内力是静不定的,可称为内力静不定系统;(StaticallyIndeterminateStructure)判断下列结构属于哪类超静定外力超静定外力超静定(d)(a)(b)(c)(e)(f)混合超静定混合超静定内力超静定内力超静定(StaticallyIndeterminateStructure)三、工程中的超静定结构(Staticallyindeterminatestructureinengineering)在机械和工程结构中常采用超静定结构增加系统的刚度,提高构件的承载能力.塔式吊车起重臂可简化为外伸粱结构,当需要延长主臂以增加其回转半径时,如何才能保持原有的承载能力?(StaticallyIndeterminateStructure)辅助支撑跟刀架顶尖在铣床上洗削工件时,为防止工件的移动并减小其变形和振动,需要增加辅助支撑,虎钳和辅助支撑构成系统用车床加工细长轴时,经常采用顶尖和跟刀架等辅助支撑以减少其变形。卡盘和辅助支撑构成超静定系统。(StaticallyIndeterminateStructure)(StaticallyIndeterminateStructure)五、分析方法(Analyticalmethod)1.力法(Forcemethod):以未知力为基本未知量的求解方法;2.位移法(Displacementmethod):以未知位移为基本未知量的求解方法.(1)外力超静定次数的判定:根据约束性质确定支反力的个数,根据结构所受力系的类型确定独立平衡方程的个数,二者的差即为结构的超静定次数;(2)内力超静定次数的判定:一个平面封闭框架为三次内力超静定;平面桁架的内力超静定次数等于未知力的个数减去二倍的节点数.四、超静定次数的判定(Determinethedegreeofstaticallyindeterminacy)(StaticallyIndeterminateStructure)§14-2用力法解静不定结构(Solvingstaticallyindeterminatestructurebyforcemethod)一、力法的求解过程(Basicprocedureforforcemethod)1.判定超静定次数解除超静定结构的多余约束,用多余约束力X1,X2,X3···代替多余约束,得到一个几何不变的静定系统,称为原静不定系统的“相当系统”;2.在多余约束处满足“变形几何条件”,得到变形协调方程;3.由补充方程求出多余约束力;4.在相当系统上求解原超静定结构的内力和变形.(StaticallyIndeterminateStructure)ABlX1(1)去掉多余约束代之约束反力,得基本静定系把B支座作为多余约束X1为多余反力AB悬臂梁为基本静定系例题1如图所示,梁EI为常数,试求支座反力.qAqB(StaticallyIndeterminateStructure)变形协调条件:B点的挠度为(2)利用多余约束处的变形情况写出变形协调条件1X1表示由于X1作用在静定基上时,X1作用B点沿X1方向的位移.1F表示荷载F(广义力)作用在静定基上时,X1作用B点沿X1方向的位移.0111FXΔΔABlqX1AqB(StaticallyIndeterminateStructure)若用11表示沿X1方向的单位力在其作点引起的X1方向的位移.由于X1作用,B点的沿X1方向位移是11的X1倍11111XδΔX利用上式解出X1ABlqX1AqB(StaticallyIndeterminateStructure)1(3)用莫尔定理求Δ1F2)(2qxxMxxM)(EIqlxxqxEIΔlF8d)2(14021ABlqX1AqBABqABxx(StaticallyIndeterminateStructure)1(4)用莫尔定理求11xxM)(xxM)(EIlxxxEIl3d13011ABlqX1AqB1ABABxx(StaticallyIndeterminateStructure)代入0111FXΔΔEIqlxxqxEIΔlF8d)2(14021EIlxxxEIl3d13011341038lqlXEIEI解得qlX831ABlqX1AqB(StaticallyIndeterminateStructure)二、力法正则方程(Generalizedequationsintheforcemethod)上例中以多余力为未知量的变形协调方程可改写成下式X1—多余未知量;变形协调方程的标准形式,即所谓的力法正则方程.11—在基本静定系上,X1取单位值时引起的在X1作用点X1方向的位移;1F—在基本静定系上,由原载荷引起的在X1作用点沿X1方向的位移;01111FΔX(StaticallyIndeterminateStructure)X1X2X3这是三次超静定问题对于有多个多余约束反力的静不定系统的正则方程如下:FABFAB(StaticallyIndeterminateStructure)在静定基上,由F,X1,X2,X3单独作用在点引起的水平位移分别记作1F,1X1,1X2,1X31表示B点的水平位移方向B点的水平位移等于零01111321FXXXΔΔΔΔFABX1X2X3FAB(StaticallyIndeterminateStructure)FABFAB111B1B2B301111321FXXXΔΔΔΔ11111XΔX21212XΔX31313XΔX01313212111FΔXXX111213FAB(StaticallyIndeterminateStructure)B点的铅垂位移等于零2表示B点的铅垂位移方向02222321FXXXΔΔΔΔFABFABX1X2X3(StaticallyIndeterminateStructure)1B3FABFAB1B221222302222321FXXXΔΔΔΔ02323222121FΔXXX12121XΔX22222XΔX32323XΔXFAB1B1(StaticallyIndeterminateStructure)03333232131FΔXXX01313212111FΔXXX02323222121FΔXXXjiij)3,2,1,(ji三次超静定系统的正则方程FABFABX1X2X3(StaticallyIndeterminateStructure)正则方程的推广:由位移互等定理知:0002n21n12222212111212111nFnnnFnnFnnΔXXXΔXXXΔXXXjiij(StaticallyIndeterminateStructure)例题2刚架的两杆抗弯刚度都是EI,解此刚架.FABCDll/2l/2(StaticallyIndeterminateStructure)解:取固定端处的反力偶为多余约束.变形协调条件是:A点的转角等于零.ABCDlFl/2l/2X1ABCDlFl/2l/2(StaticallyIndeterminateStructure)11是在A点作用单位力偶时,在A截面引起的转角.1F是力F在A截面引起的转角.01111FΔXABCDlFl/2l/2ABCDlFl/2l/2X1(StaticallyIndeterminateStructure)BC:AC:(1)求11xlxM1)(xlxM1)(1)(xM1)(xMABCDll/2l/211/l1/lABCDll/2l/211/l1/lxxxx(StaticallyIndeterminateStructure)]d(1)d)([1002211llxxlxEIABCDll/2l/211/l1/lABCDll/2l/211/l1/lxxxx(StaticallyIndeterminateStructure)BC:CD:AD:(2)求1FxFxM2)(lFxM2)(FxxM)(1)(xM1)(xMxlxM1)(xxABCDll/2l/211/l1/lxxxxFABCDll/2l/2FFF/2F/2(StaticallyIndeterminateStructure)EIFlxFxxFlxlxFxEIΔl/ll/F2413]d1d12d2[12200201EIl3411解得FlX3213101111FΔX代入(StaticallyIndeterminateStructure)MeABCDa/2a/2例题3已知两杆抗弯刚度均为EI.不计剪力和轴力对刚架变形的影响,求支座反力q=10kN/m,Me=50kN·m.q(StaticallyIndeterminateStructure)(1)用单位力法求1FBD:DC:CA:01111FΔXxxM)(xxM)(axM)(0)(xMe)(MxM2)(2eqxMxM6811d)2(1d)(142e02e2/e1qaaMxaqaMEIxxMEIΔaaaFxx1xxxxABCDa/2a/2qMeABCD(StaticallyIndeterminateStructure)BD:DC:CA:(2)用单位力法求11xxM)(axM)(xxM)(xxM)(xxM)(axM)(]ddd[102/2/011aaaaxaaxxxxxxEI334axxABCD1xxABCDxx101111FΔX(StaticallyIndeterminateStructure)31134a681142e1qaaMΔF代入0Δ1111FX解得16.56kN)4(33
本文标题:12材料力学_静不定结构.
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