托福听力Unit-2

TOEFL听力能力训练托福题型•Gistcontent•Gistpurpose•Details•Understandingthefunctionofwhatissaid•Understandingthespeaker’sattitude•Understandingorganization•Connectingcontent•Makinginferences出题点概括•开头结尾•新词和新概念•重复出现的词和概念•大篇幅的举例•课堂提问•教授建议•语义强调•解释说明•程度副词•概括总结•对比类比•重音强调•停顿强调•清晰强调•因果逻辑•转折逻辑•人名数字选项特点正确选项：•多为同义替换词•和主旨相关•和说话人态度一致迷惑选项：•多次出现但与题意不相关•正确的不相关观点•符合主旨，范围过大主旨题content•说话者的内容概括•通常出现在授课中•注意头尾呼应•OG127purpose•说话人的主要目的•通常出现在对话中•出现在对话开头•OG128Questions：Whatistheman(someone)’sproblem?Whatisthetopicofthe(discussion)?Whatarethe(speakers)mainlydiscussing?Whatisthe(lecture)mainlyabout?Whataspectof(topic)doestheprofessormainlydiscuss?Whydoesthestudentvisittheprofessor?Whydoestheprofessorasktoseethestudent?Howtofindgist•开头结尾、新概念、重复概念、概括总结•对话发起者，提出问题者（目的）•对话应答者，回答提问者（内容）注意：避开Openingwords&Smalltalk；在听的过程中须调整对主旨的理解，注意教授提到上节课的内容时，主旨往往紧接在下文出现主旨目的题的标识语•表观点目的句/词、祈使句、疑问句Ihaveaproblem/questionabout;I’dliketo;I/wearegoingto;I/weneed/wantto;Ibelieve；Let’s；Couldyou…;Therebe…Etc.•表强调：Withemphasison;Inparticular;EspeciallyMainly;Just,onlyAlways,often,allthetimeEtc.主旨内容题选项甄别•正确选项往往是结构概述•正确选项往往谓语部分采用了同义替换•如果A选项属于B选项，则选择B选项•Whatpointisthespeakertryingtoexplain?Practice:Longconversation–LG128、LG129、DT215Lecture–LG129、DT216细节题•询问听力材料中的“重要“细节信息–既为主旨理解服务的细节。•细节题一定是按照听到的顺序均匀分布在整片听力材料中。•细节题的出题点通常是：新概念、分观点、解释说明、举例说明、逻辑关系、对比和类比、课堂提问、人名数字。•出现重要细节时，文中往往会有明确的信号•OG130Detailquestions一般细节题：•Whatisstated/indicatedinthepassage/lectureabout…?•WhataspectsofAdidtheprofessormention?•WhatisthewaythatAandaffectB?•Accordingtotheprofessor,whatisthemainproblem/benefitofA?•When/why/how/wheredoesAhappen?•WhyisAcorrect/effective/…?图片题：•Whichpicturebestdescribe…•Selectthediagramthatrepresents…•Identifythepartofthepicturethatshows…•Whichareaofthediagramillustrates…专有名词：•Whatisa…?•Inthisconversation,whatdoes…mean?•Howdoesthespeakerdefine…?如何做笔记1.笔记的目的2.笔记的内容3.记笔记的方法和技巧4.笔记是记忆的补充和延伸，不能够代替记忆本身5.我的笔记我做主6.色即是空，空即是色目的：•防止走神•定位•记忆重要细节•理解文章结构•新概念（名词、中英文）•你的理解•记听不懂或容易遗忘的细节如何做笔记笔记的内容：1.新词、新概念、分观点2.性质（加强/削弱等关系）3.时间、地点、数字的意义。4.例举、排比、类比和对比5.原因和结果6.问答和建议7.总结和归纳笔记的方法和技巧：1.运用图表（流程、脑图、结构图、分栏）2.运用缩写（国家，地点，人名，课程，其他名词性词组）3.运用符号（方位，从属，态度，程度，逻辑关系）4.运用中文（数字，理解，职业，长生单词）5.利用信号词/句Signals–Transitions转折Words：but,though,however,instead,despite,nevertheless/nonetheless,while,yet,unless,until,actually,eventually,virtually,otherwise,whereas,etc.Phrases：ontheotherhand,toone’ssurprise,expectfor,infact,tobehonest,asamatteroffact,inspiteof,ratherthan,etc.Signals–Initiations起始Words:Today,Now,Here,OK,So,If,Well,Listen,etc.Phrases:Lasttime;Doyouknow…?;Cansomeonetellme…?Let’stalkabout…;IthinkI’llstartwith…;etc.Signals–Parallelism排比1.One…another…theother…2.First…second…third…3.No.1…No.2…No.3…4.Firstofall…andthen…afterthat…finally5.Inaddition6.AincludesB,CandD7.Notonly,butalso8.AswellasSignals–Frequency程度•Only,all,rarely•more，most•never,always,often•First,last•Too,so,really,very,completely•Definitely,hardly,extremely,etc.Signals–Emphatic强调•Words:especially,particularly,indeed,certainly,specialfeatures,etc.•Phrases:Justremember,andagain,mostimportantly,onethingIshouldmention,Ihavetosay,make/besure…,allImeanis,•Clauses•Forexample/instance,suchas,etc.Signals–Intonations语调•重音强调•停顿强调•清晰强调Signals–Suggestionsandconclusions建议和结论•Words:suggest,propose,recommend,tips,maybe,perhaps,•Phrases:youshould…,betterdo...,howabout…,whatabout…,whynot…,ifIwereyou,howdoes…sound?Inbrief,inshort,inaword,allinall,tosumup,aboveall,afterall,etc.Signals–CauseandEffect因果Causes:•Because•Becauseof•Dueto•Since•As•For•Thereasonis•That’swhy•Byreasonof•Owingto•ResultfromEffect:•So•Sothat•Therefore•Thereby•Hereby•Thus•Asaresult•Consequently•Hence•Accordingly选项甄别•与事实常识不符合的不选•与主旨相悖的选项不选•与主旨无关的选项不选•与说话者态度相反的不选•表现消极负面的选项不选•谓语部分没有进行同义转换的通常不选Practice:Longconversation–LG133、LG134、DT221Lecture–LG135、LG136、DT224注意：听的时候不要将注意力放在你听不懂的词上！Test！Gist&DetailsLG137DT230Pragmaticunderstanding•Function语言功能Example:It’sprettycoldinhere.Excuseme?•Attitude/Stance立场和态度Example:Well,Idon’tknow.Alright,onlyifyoucouldhelpmewithit.Afterall,it’swhatIshoulddo.•OG132,OG133•出题点：1.材料中明显强调或削弱主旨的地方2.材料中出现明显的语音语调的变化3.材料中出现明显的举例过长或偏题的地方4.说话者说出字面上答非所问或间接回答的地方Function–Questions•Whatdoestheprofessorimply/meanwhenhesaysthis?•Whatcanbeinferredfromthefromtheprofessor’sresponsetothestudent?•Whydoesthemansay/mention/askthis?•Whydoestheinstructortalkabout…?•Whydoestheprofessortellastoryabout…?答题注意1.语言的功能必须放在当下的上下文去理解。2.功能题的答案可能和主旨没有直接关系。3.语言的功能一定是为了服务说话者之前的意图。4.Allthespeakersareemotionallystableandpsychologicallynormalandpositive.Practice:LG143、LG144、LG145、Attitude/Stance–Questions1.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthestudent?2.Selectthesentencethatbestexpresseshowthespeakerfeels.3.Whatisspeaker’sattitudetowardA?4.Whatistheprofessor’sopinionofA?5.Whatistheprofessor’spointofviewconcerningA?6.WhatdoesthespeakerthinkofA?Attitude/Stance答题注意事项1.正确选项必须和说话者之后的行为和选择保持一致。2.注意说话者所使用的形容词。3.小心反义负面程度副词：Too,Overly,Never,Unless,Onlyif.4.感叹词：Really?!ExcuseMe?!Practice:LG152、LG154、LG156、DT236、DT238Connectinginformation•Understandingorganization–理解材料的整体组织结构（Lecture中出现）•Connectingcontent–将材料中的内容与相对应的分观点整理（Lecture中出现）•Makinginferences–