托福听力Unit-7

TOEFL听力生命科学长演讲学科内容类（三）生命科学类高频考试话题：•Zoology15%•Botany10%•Ecology6%•Physiology4%Zoology•Zoologyisthebranchofbiologythatfocusesonthestructure,function,behavior,andevolutionofanimals.•Anatomy•Palaeontology•Animalphysiology•Ethology–animalbehaviorAnimalspeciesInvertebrate:•Insect•Mollusk•Crustacean•Coral•Vertebrate:•Fish•Amphibian•Reptile•Bird•MammalAnimalorgans•Circulatorysystem:pumpingandchannelingbloodtoandfromthebodyandlungswithheart,bloodandbloodvessels.•Digestivesystem:digestionandprocessingfoodwithsalivaryglands,esophagus,stomach,liver,gallbladder,pancreas,intestines,rectumandanus.•Endocrinesystem:communicationwithinthebodyusinghormonesmadebyendocrineglandssuchasthehypothalamus,pituitaryorpituitarygland,pinealbodyorpinealgland,thyroid,parathyroidsandadrenals,i.e.,adrenalglands.•Excretorysystem:kidneys,ureters,bladderandurethrainvolvedinfluidbalance,electrolytebalanceandexcretionofurine.•Integumentarysystem:skin,hairandnails.Animalorgans•Lymphaticsystem:structuresinvolvedinthetransferoflymphbetweentissuesandthebloodstream,thelymphandthenodesandvesselsthattransportitincludingtheImmunesystem:defendingagainstdisease-causingagentswithleukocytes,tonsils,adenoids,thymusandspleen.•Muscularsystem:movementwithmuscles.•Nervoussystem:collecting,transferringandprocessinginformationwithbrain,spinalcord,peripheralnervesandnerves.•Reproductivesystem:thesexorgans,suchasovaries,fallopiantubes,uterus,vagina,mammaryglands,testes,vasdeferens,seminalvesicles,prostateandpenis.•Respiratorysystem:theorgansusedforbreathing,thepharynx,larynx,trachea,bronchi,lungsanddiaphragm.•Skeletalsystem:structuralsupportandprotectionwithbones,cartilage,ligamentsandtendonsExercise–LG385•本篇描述的是不同动物的听觉系统•词汇：organ,cricket,vibrate,eardrum,membrane,auditory,canal,merely,inner,feather,auricle,protrude,navigate,switchgear,echolocationExercise–DT518T3T4•本篇描述的是一类动物•词汇：diversity,dominant,pollinator,crop,scarcity,parasite,steepdecline,pesticide,herbicide,suicide,domesticate,vast,feedon,cactus,nectar,migratory,exotic,devoid,rancher,dynamite,roostBotany•Botany,plantscience(s),orplantbiologyisabranchofbiologythatinvolvesthescientificstudyofplantlife.Botanycoversawiderangeofscientificdisciplinesconcernedwiththestudyofplants,algaeandfungi,includingstructure,growth,reproduction,metabolism,development,diseases,chemicalproperties,andevolutionaryrelationshipsbetweentaxonomicgroups.Botanybeganwithearlyhumaneffortstoidentifyedible,medicinalandpoisonousplants,makingitoneoftheoldestsciences.Todaybotanistsstudyover550,000speciesoflivingorganisms.Importantterms•Flower:sepal,petal,corolla,stamen,carpel,gynoecium,pollinate,•Leaf:alternate,opposite,Whorled•Stem:dermaltissues,groundtissues,parenchyma,vasculartissues,nod•Fruit/seed:ovule,embryo,nutrients,seedcoat,pericarp•Wood:bark,cork,phloem•Root:rootcap,roothair,shoots•Pigment,Chlorophyll,PhotosynthesisExercise–OG160S5T9•本篇材料讲述的是一种纤维的用途•词汇：fiber,hemp,exceptionally,Navy,degrade,zincpaint,stainlesssteelcable,anchor,extract,bundle,twist,Exercise–OG266T1T19•本篇描述的是植物的根部系统•词汇：extent,meticulous,fertilizer,respiration,chunkExercise–DT490T2T4•本篇材料描述了一个花的种类和构成•词汇：sepal,petal,stamen,carpel,receptacle,composite,symmetrical,variety,resemble,bloom,idealized,reproductive,numerous,floral,rim,ornamental,lawn,edgingplants,compactEcology•Ecologyisthescientificstudyofinteractionsoforganismswithoneanotherandwiththephysicalandchemicalenvironment.Althoughitincludesthestudyofenvironmentalproblemssuchaspollution,thescienceofecologymainlyinvolvesresearchonthenaturalworldfrommanyviewpoints,usingmanytechniques.Modernecologyreliesheavilyonexperiments,bothinlaboratoryandinfieldsettings.Thesetechniqueshaveprovedusefulintestingecologicaltheories,andinarrivingatpracticaldecisionsconcerningthemanagementofnaturalresources.Exercise–DT547•本篇材料描述的是自然界的水循环•词汇：hydrologiccycle,precious,commodity,circulate,climatology,atmosphericphase,precipitation,vapor,evaporation,hail,excess,reenter,temporarily,saturated,seep,solvent,evapotranspiration,Physiology•Physiologyisthescienceofthefunctioningoflivingsystems.Itisasubcategoryofbiology.Inphysiology,thescientificmethodisappliedtodeterminehoworganisms,organsystems,organs,cellsandbiomoleculescarryoutthechemicalorphysicalfunctionthattheyhaveinalivingsystem.ThewordphysiologyisfromAncientGreek:φύσις,physis,nature,origin;and-λογία,-logia,studyof.•Humanphysiologyisthescienceofthemechanical,physical,andbiochemicalfunctionsofhumansingoodhealth,theirorgans,andthecellsofwhichtheyarecomposed.Theprincipalleveloffocusofphysiologyisattheleveloforgansandsystems.Mostaspectsofhumanphysiology,andanimalexperimentationhasprovidedmuchofthefoundationofphysiologicalknowledge.Anatomyandphysiologyarecloselyrelatedfieldsofstudy:anatomy,thestudyofform,andphysiology,thestudyoffunction,areintrinsicallytied.Exercise–LG489•本篇讲述的是动物的复眼•词汇：compoundeye,phenomenon,discern,concreteexample,inject,monarchbutterfly,magnify,pincushion,curve,ommatidia,lenses,photoreceptor,reconstruct,nearsighted,remarkably,detect,swap,blurred