2007华中科技大学博士英语真题

试卷编号：共页第页华中科技大学2007年招收博士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：英语适用专业：各专业(除画图题外，所有答案都必须写在答题纸上，写在试题上及草稿纸上无效，考完后试题随答题纸交回)PartICloze(0.5x20=10%)Directions:Inthispartyouareaskedtochoosethebestwordforeachblankinthepassage.Writeyouranswersontheanswersheet.InSwitzerland,sixmileswestofGeneva,liesacollectionoflaboratoriesandbuildings,and,1curiousofall,acircularmoundof2morethan650feetindiameter.Thisclusterhasuniqueimportance.ItisEurope’s3atomiccitydedicatedto4theatomforpeacefulpurposes.Thestrangebuildings5theEuropeanCouncilforNuclearResearch,morepopularlyknown,from6Frenchinitials,asCERN.Thecouncilwas7whenahandfulofstatesmenandscientificexperts8inParisin1950.Theiraimwasto“9anorganizationprovidingforco-operationamongEuropeanstates10nuclearresearchofapurescientificandfundamentalcharacter.”TheCERNagreementwas11in1953,andworkontheatomiccitybeganin1954.todayCERN’s12areamongthemostmodernandthemostdiversifiedintheworld.13asthescientificaspectmaybe,therealsignificanceofCERNmaylie14thethousandpeople----thescientists,labworkers,andadministrative15drawnfromthefourteenmembernations----16populateit.Britishengineerswork17withSwisselectriciansandYugoslavnuclearphysicists.The18languagesareFrenchandEnglish,withGermananunofficialthird.ButBERNis19towerofBabel----thelanguageofscienceis20andall-embracing.1.A.bestB.chieflyC.mostD.mostly2.A.earthB.dirtC.mudD.soil3.A.oneandbestB.oneandonlyC.oneandanD.oneandmerely密封线内不要写题报考专业考生姓名考生编号试卷编号：共页第页4.A.investigationB.beinginvestigatedC.investigateD.investigating5.A.workwithB.belongtoC.consistofD.arelocatedin6.A.hisB.theirC.itsD.those7.A.comeintobeingB.constructedC.erectedD.born8.A.joinedB.developedC.metD.metwith9.A.foundB.putupC.buildD.establish10.A.inB.onC.forD.about11.A.sealedB.signedC.securedD.settled12.A.resourcesB.accommodationsC.facilitiesD.funds13.A.ImpressionisticB.ImpressingC.ImpressedD.Impressive14.A.inB.withC.onD.at15.A.crewB.crowdC.partyD.group16.A.whoeverB.whoC.whichD.whatever17.A.sidebysideB.backtobackC.hearttoheartD.facetoface18.A.livingB.authenticC.officialD.real19.A.theB.aC.notD.no20.A.worldwideB.infiniteC.universalD.comprehensivePartII.Readingcomprehension(20x2=40%)Directions:Therearefourpassagesinthispart.Aftereachpassage,therearefivequestions.Youaretochoosethebestanswerforeachquestion.Writeyouranswersontheanswersheet.PassageoneDiseaseisafluidconceptinfluencedbysocietalandculturalattitudesthatchangediachronicallyinresponsetonewscientificandmedicaldiscoveries.Historically,doctorsdefinedadiseaseaccordingtoaclusterofsymptoms,andastheirclinicaldescriptionsbecamemoresophisticated,theystartedtoclassifydiseasesintoseparategroups,sothatfromthismedicaltaxonomycamenewinsightsintodiseaseetiology.Beforethe20thcentury,schizophreniaandsyphiliticinsanityweretreatedasthesamedisease,butbyearly1900itbecameevidentthatpsychoseswithoutassociateddementiarepresentedaseparatediseaseforwhichthetermschizophreniawasthencoined.Thedefinitionofschizophreniacontinuestoevolvefromthepsychiatricdiseaseofthe1960stoanillnesswithasuspectedgeneticetiology,thoughtheexistenceofsuchanetiologyremainsuncertain.Whileanoptimistichuntisstillonforthegenesinvolved,wemustcontinuetodefineschizophreniaintermsofthepresenceorabsenceof“positive”and“negative”symptoms.Labelingsomeoneasdiseased,however,hasenormousindividual,social,financial,andphysicalimplications,forirrespectiveofdiseasesymptoms,thelabelitselfmayleadtosignificantdistress.Individualswithasymptomaticconditions,includinggeneticvariations,may试卷编号：共页第页beperceivedbythemselvesorothersashavingadisease.Itisnotthatlabelingsomeoneasdiseasedisalwayspositive-------itdoeshavesevereramifications,affectingdecisionstohavechildrenorresultinginunjusttreatmentbylife,medical,anddisabilityinsurers-------butitcanbebeneficial,legitimizingsymptoms,clarifyingissuesofpersonalresponsibility,andimprovingaccessibilitytohealthcare.Nevertheless,deviationsfromnormalthatarenotassociatedwithriskshouldnotbeconsideredsynonymouswithdisease.Twoschools---------nominalistandessentialistorreductionist----------havedebatedtheclinicalcriteriausedtolabelapatientasdiseased.Nominalistslabelsymptomswithadiseasename,suchasschizophrenia,anddonotofferanexplanationoftheunderlyingetiology,whileessentialistscontendthatforeverydiseasethereisanunderlyingpathologicaletiology,andnowarguethattheessentiallesiondefiningthediseasestateisageneticabnormality.Ithasbeensuggestedthatdiseasesdefinedaccordingtotheessentialisttraditionmaybepreciselywrong,whereasthosedefinedinthenominalisttraditionalmayberoughlyaccurate.Butinlabelingadiseasestate,wemustconsiderboththephenotype(symptoms)orthegenotype(geneticabnormality),foradverseconsequences,whilethelatterhelpssuggestspecificgeneticorpharmacologictherapies.Thus,bothclinicalcriteriaandgeneticabnormalitiesshouldbeusedtodefineadiseasestate,andthechoiceofadiseasedefinitionwillvaryaccordingtowhatonewishestoachieve,thegeneticcounselingoffamilymembersortheeffectivetreatmentofthepatient.21.TheauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwithA)proposingareturntoatraditionaltaxonomicalsystemB)describinganwaytoresolveataxonomicald