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UnitOne2020/1/162ContentsIntroductionText(A)analysisSomecommentsonwritingText(B)analysisFurtherreadingExercises2020/1/163IntroductionTextAisoneoftheearliestexistingdocumentsofGreekphilosophyandtraditionallythefirstcompletetextreadinthestudyofClassicalGreek.TextBarguesforareadyapologyinlifeandconcludesapersonwhoapologizeshasthemoralballinhiscourt.2020/1/164Whatisanapology?1.TheliteralmeaningAstatementexpressingthatoneissorryforhavingdonesomethingwrong,forcausingpainortrouble.2020/1/1654.ThechangeinthemeaningofapologyInancientGreek,itwasjurisprudential:signifyingadefense,oradefensespeechinwhichtheprosecution’scasewasansweredpointbypoint.2020/1/166TheApologyofSocratesA.苏格拉底的申辩B.苏格拉底的道歉2020/1/167Socrates(469BC–399BC)ClassicalGreekAthenianphilosopher,anenigmaticfigureknownchieflythroughtheaccountsoflaterclassicalwriters,especiallythewritingsofhisstudentsPlato(柏拉图)andXenophon(色诺芬).2020/1/168TextanalysisTextAApologyofSocrates(excerpt)2020/1/1691.SupportingideasEternityisthenonlyasinglenight.WhatwouldnotamangiveifhemightconversewiththesonsofGod?PartI.Deathisanunspeakablegain.2020/1/16102.苏格拉底的罪名Socrateswassentencedtodeathfordenyingtheofficialgodsandcorruptingtheyouth.公元前399年,一个叫莫勒图斯的年轻人在雅典状告哲学家苏格拉底,说他不信城邦诸神,引进新的精灵之事,败坏青年。于是,苏格拉底被传讯,在500人组成的陪审团面前作了著名的申辩。但申辩并没有挽救苏格拉底的性命。他最后被判处死刑。苏格拉底之死和耶稣之死,为西方文明打下了两个基本色调。而苏格拉底之死之所以成为西方哲学史上的核心事件,首先归功于柏拉图的《苏格拉底的申辩》。2020/1/1611Inhisfinalspeech,SocratestellstheAtheniansthattheywillbeshamedinthefuturefortheiractionandexplainswhyhedoesn’tfeardeath.(SeeNote1)2020/1/16123.IsSocratesafraidofdeath?Letusreflectandweshallseethatthereisgreatreasontohopethatdeathisagood,foroneoftwothings---eitherdeathisastateofnothingnessandutterunconsciousness,or,asmensay,thereisachangeandmigrationofthesoulfromthisworldtoanother.(translate)2020/1/1613或者我们换个角度考虑这个问题,我们会看到有很充分的理由让我们相信死亡是很好的事情,因为死亡无非是两种可能情况之一:或者他就是空空的一无所有也一无所知,或者,他就是象人们说的,是灵魂的一种迁移,从这个世界,到另外一个世界。2020/1/1614Ishallthenbeabletocontinuemysearchintotrueandfalseknowledge;asinthisworld,soalsointhenext;andIshallfindoutwhoiswise,andwhopretendstobewise,andwhoisnot.(translate)4.Inpursuitoftruth2020/1/1615最重要的是,在那儿我可以继续我对真实和虚假知识的研究,就象在这个世界上一样,在那个世界也可以这么玩,我会辨别谁是真正聪明的,谁只是装作聪明而实际上是个笨蛋。2020/1/1616聪明人的定义?Howtodefineawiseman?Howtobecomeawiseman?5.IsSocratesawiseman?2020/1/16176.Apilgrimissomeonewhotravelsalongwaytoaholyplaceasanactofreligiousloveandrespect.(seeNote3)2020/1/1618Inanotherworldtheydonotputamantodeathforaskingquestions;assuredlynot.Socraticmethod:苏格拉底问答法在教学或讨论中通过问答引出疑问者预期结论的方法。PartII.2020/1/1619“苏格拉底方法”自始至终是以师生问答的形式进行的,所以又叫“问答法”。苏格拉底在教学生获得某种概念时,不是把这种概念直接告诉学生,而是先向学生提出问题,让学生回答,如果学生回答错了,他也不直接纠正,而是提出另外的问题引导学生思考,从而一步一步得出正确的结论。2020/1/16201.TheTrojanWarwaswagedagainstthecityofTroybytheAchaeans(Greeks)afterParisofTroytookHelenfromherhusbandMenelaus,thekingofSparta.ThewarwasnarratedinmanyworksofGreekliterature,includingtheIliadandtheOdysseybyHomer.2020/1/16212.Iftheyseemtocareaboutriches,oranything,morethanaboutvirtue重要论述a.哲学在于认识自我b.美德即知识c.探求真理的辩证法2020/1/16223.BothIandmysonswillhavereceivedjusticeatyourhands.StillIhaveafavortoaskofthem….(translate)Dojusticetosomeone/something:totreatinafairorproperway2020/1/1623对他们我还有一个请求,等我的儿子们长大以后,我希望你们,我的朋友们,好好惩罚他们。我希望你们象我以前烦你们一样烦他们,如果他们看起来太过于关心财产,或者在意其他的任何东西多过在意美德,如果他们一无是处还觉得自己很了不起,责怪他们吧,就象我现在责怪你们,告诉他们他们不应该在意那些不值得在意的东西,也不应该无视他们应该尊崇的东西。如果你们这么做,那么你们对待我还有我的儿子们都是公正的。2020/1/1624LanguagePointsjurisprudential:a.法理学的jurisprudence:n.法学,法理学jurisprudent:n.法理学家;a.精通法律的Cf.juristic;juryprosecute:v.1)对…起诉2)彻底进行,执行eg.prosecuteaninvestigation3)从事,经营eg.prosecuteatradeprosecutor:原告,起诉人persecute:v.(尤指由于政治,宗教信仰不同)迫害,残害2020/1/1625abide:v.(古)逗留,住;遵守abidebyeg.abidebydisciplineabidebyconsequences2020/1/1626Aheartfeltapologycannotonlyhealadamagedrelationshipbutalsomakeitstronger.Pleasewriteanessayof300wordsonthehealingpowerofapologywithexample(s)fromyourlife.Writing2020/1/16271.WhatdoesapologisemeaninGreek?2.WhydidDisraelithinkapologiesinapplicableinpolitics?3.WhatdidthewriterthinkofDickens’sapology?4.Whatarethewriter’sopinionsonapology?5.WhyhasturnedtheEmperor’sapologythemostfamousinhistory?6.Howdoyouunderstandthetitle?TextBAPersonWhoApologisesHastheMoralBallinHisCourt2020/1/1628Itmeansthespeechforthedefenseinwhichtheprosecution’scasewasansweredpointbypoint,rebuttal(辩驳)orvindication(辩白,辩护).No.12020/1/1629有那么一些词儿,已经彻底演变得与本义完全相反,“Apologise”即是其中之一。该词的本义,在希腊法庭上,具有法理学意义:该词即指辩护词,在辩护过程中,对于诉讼方的指控,逐一予以回答…今天我们会使用“Vindication”(“辩白,辩护”)一词。只是渐渐地“Apologise”这个词才获得了“原谅、撤回所说的话、承认错误并请求宽恕”之含义。在神学中该词仍保留原来的意义:纽曼的《为吾生辩》(ApologiaproVitaSua)根本就不是甚么道歉,而是对查尔士·金斯莱的指控所作的强硬辩驳。2020/1/1630Becauseanapologyinpoliticsmerelyleadstofreshaccusationsandfurtherdemandsforembarrassingdetails.No.22020/1/1631Self-destructive;itwashalfwaybetweenthetwomeanings:halfdefiantvindication,halfadmissionofguilt.讲狄更斯与其妻分手理由的那篇倒霉的陈词(其友人求他不要发表),就是自毁其身,恰恰是它介于二个意义之间:一半是倔强的辩白,一半是承认有愧。No.32020/1/1632(1)Everyonehastoapologizeforhislife,soonerorlater.WhenweappearattheLastJudgmentandtheRecordingAngelreadsoutalistofoursins,wewillpresumablybegivenanopportunitytoapologize,intheoldsenseofr
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