论文写作与发表4(unit 8)

Result,DiscussionandConclusionTopicalHighlightsSectionofResults:1).GeneralFunctionsofResults2).ContentsofResults3).WritingrequirementsforresultsSectionofDiscussion:1).GeneralFunctionsofDiscussion2).MainElementsofDiscussion3).WritingRequirementsforDiscussionSectionofConclusion:1).GeneralFunctionsofConclusions2).RequirementsforwritingaconclusionQuestion:Whatarethecriteriaindistinguishingaresultfromaconclusion?1.SectionofResults1).GeneralFunctionsofResultsThesectionofresultsisoneofthemostimportantelementsinaprofessionalpaper,becauseanyresearchshouldhaveanoutcome.Thevalueofaresearchliesinthevalueofitsfinalresultsandtheauthor’sinterpretationoftheresults.Theproceedingsections:Introduction,Investigation,Experiments,CalculationsThefollowingsections:Analysis,Discussion,SummaryorconclusionToexplainhowtheauthorobtainstheresults.TotellwhattheresultsshouldmeanSectionofresultsTheauthor(s)shouldbringasolidfoundationonwhichpaperrests,byboilingdownallthefactsanddatahehasgained.2).ContentsofResultsTwoingredientsinthesectionofresults:1)fullpresentationofthespecificdataofthework;2)detailedanalysisoftheresults.(IfthereisnospecialsectionofDataAnalysisinthepaper.)Researchresultsareusuallypresentedtogetherwiththecorrespondinganalysisconcerned.Sointhissectiontheauthorshouldpresenttheessentialresultsanddataandthengeneralizethemtoatheoreticalheight.3).WritingrequirementsforresultsFirst,anydatashowninthissectionmustbemeaningful.Second,thepresentationofresultsshouldbeshort,andconcisewithoutwordinessandbeofcrystalclarity.Redundancyshouldbeavoided.Eg:“ItisclearlyshowninTable1thattheinformationdesiregrowswiththedevelopmentofindustry”(17words)shouldbereplacedby“Theinformationdesiregrowswiththedevelopmentofindustry(Table1)”(11words).Althoughthepresentationofresultisthemostimportantpartofapaper,itisoftentheshortestsection.Sometimestheresultmaypossiblyhaveonlyonesentence:“Theresultsareshownintable1.”2.SectionofDiscussion1).GeneralFunctionsofDiscussion:Thissectionofdiscussionisgenerallyconsideredtobethemostdifficultsectiontowrite.Thepurposeofthesectionofdiscussionistoexpoundtheinterrelationsamongtheobservedfacts.Theprimaryobjectiveistoshow①therelationshipbetweenthefacts,②theirunderlyingcauses,theireffects,andtheirtheoreticalimplications,③toexplainthefactsdenotedbysymbolsorsignsofmathematics.2).MainElementsofDiscussionFollowingthesectionofresultwheredataarepresented,themainelementsofdiscussionusuallyinclude:①AnalyzingtheData(分析数据）Trytopresentthebasicprinciples,factualrelationshipsandsuccessfulgeneralizationsoftheresults.Todiscuss,butnotrepeattheresults.②PointingoutDoubts(指出疑点）Pointoutanyexceptionsoranylackofcorrelation,anddefineunsettledpointsordoubts,thelimitations,failures,ifany.③ExpoundingViewpoints(阐明观点）Giveyourjudgment,evaluation,analysis,andshowhowyourresultsandpresentationsagree(orcontrast)withpreviouslypublishedwork.④StatingtheSignificance（说明重要性）Pointoutthetheoreticalimplicationsandanypracticalapplications.⑤ArrivingataConclusion(得出结论）Providetheoutcomeand/ortheend-resultsoftheresearch.3).WritingRequirementsforDiscussion①.Youshouldsufficientlyanalyzethepresenteddataandthefactualrelationships.②.Youhavetofullyevaluateyourownsuccess.③.Youhavetoadmityourweakpointsorfailurefranklyifany.④.Briefandforcefulexpressionsshouldbeusedinthesectionofdiscussiontoshowthatyouareconfident.⑤.Keepinmindnevertowritemorewordsthannecessary.Excessivewordsorphrasesmayreducetheforceordispersethereader’sattention,evendestroythevalueofthepaper.SampleonP1203.SectionofConclusion1).GeneralFunctionsofConclusion①Summingup→actuallysummarize,withdueemphasis,theprincipalitemsofinformationinthemainbodyofthepaper;→includeonlymaterialthatappearedearlierinanexpandedform.②StatementofConclusionsConclusionsareconvictionsbasedonevidence.Theyshould→followlogicallyfromthedatapresentedactuallyinthemainbodyofthepaper;→agreewithwhateveryoumayhavepromisedtotestifyintheintroduction.③StatementofRecommendationsRecommendationsappearlessfrequentlyintechnicalreports.Ifthereshouldberecommendations,theyshould:→followlogicallyfromtheconclusionsanddatapresentedearlier;→notdangleasproposalsthatyouthinkaregoodbutforwhichyouhavegivennosupportingevidence;→neverclashwithwhatyoumayhaveexpectedtodoinyourintroduction.④GracefulterminationGracefulterminationisachievedwhenallthematerialsoftheconclusionaresmoothlywoventogetherandsatisfactorilyroundoffthewhole.Thesuggestionsofferedin1)-3)abovewillpromotecoherence.Beonguardagainstduplicatinglargeportionsoftheintroductionintheconclusion.2).Requirementsforwritingaconclusion①Becarefulnottodrawconclusionsfromdatainvolvingerrorsofobservation,errorsinarithmetic,compensatingerrors,systematicandpersonalerrors.②Donotusemathematicalformulaswithoutclearlyunderstandingoftheirderivationsandalltheassumptionsinvolved.③Becautiousincomparingconclusionsbaseduponexperimentsinwhichtheinfluentialconditionshavebeenimproperlycontrolled,andthereforenotduplicated.④Avoidconfusingfactswithopinionsofinfluences,notonlyintheinvestigationitselfbutalsoinpreparingresu