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(,710021)a:,,,,:;;;:G649121;TP20:A:1008-0686(2004)01-0001-15SeveralThoughtsofElectromagneticTheoryLIANGChang-hong(XidianUniversity,Xipan710071,China)Abstract:Adeeperdiscussionaboutseveralbasicproblemsinelectromagnetictheoryisdoneinthispaper.Inactualteaching,wethink,notonlyadvancedtextbooks,butalsopertinentremarksanddeeperthoughtsarelacked.Itishopedthatthispaperishelpfultoreaders.Keywords:electromagnetictheory;symmetryandasymmetry;lossyelectromagnetics;networktheory0Maxwell,:Maxwell(1864-1865)¨õD_=Q,D_=EE_(,1785)¨õB_=0,B_=LH_(,1750)¨H_=J_+5D_ö5tJ_=QT_(1825+)¨E_=-5B_ö5t(,1831),20020,,,?,1PierreCurie,,,,,11126120042JOURNALOFEEEVol.26No.1Feb.2004:2004-01-02;:2004-02-01:(1943-),,,,,,IEEEseniermember,:©1995-2004TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.,,,(WilliamGilbert),,,,,(BenjaminFranklin)(CharlceAu2gustedeCoulomb)(HansChristianOersted),1820,(I),,(Electromagnetics):,,,,,(I),112Faraday(MichaelFaraday),,:,,,,,,,1018318294010,,(I),,,,(1),1:,,(5Bö5t)113,,40(JamesClerkMaxwell)1831,,,,,:(1),;(2);,:(5Bö5t)(E),,(5Dö5t)(H)(2):226©1995-2004TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.2,Maxwell¨H=J+5Dö5t¨E=-5Bö5t(1),:(D)(H);(B)(E),:(5ö5t)(¨X);,Maxwell,J5Dö5t,10,18871888(HeinrichRudolfHertz)114,,,,,,,(AlbertEinstein)(),,,,,2(ElectromagucticLossy),211211113R,?(a)(b)3,:,!:(1)14,I,R,P=I2Rö2(2)(2)25,,,P=E2ö2R(3),,3261:©1995-2004TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.21112R,R,?:R,(6):E0Er,L0,R,:6Case1:R,;R,Case2:R,,:E0Er,L0,R,,X,OptimumR,Max1P:R(R)21113Einstein:Einstein,,,Einstein:!,,?,Einstein,,Einstein,,,Plasma,,,,(7)7,,,,,(8),,8,,R,z=z0(4)(9)9,,,,212,:(1),ij,Sii=Sjj(5)(2),(),[S]=[S]T(6)426©1995-2004TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.:(3),[S]-1=[S]+(7):[]+=[3]T=([]T)3Hermite,:(1991),,ûS11û=ûS22û(8)[S][S]=SÉÉSÉÊSÊÉSÊÊ(9)ûdetSÉÉû=ûdetSÊÊû(10)(1991),SÉÊSÊÉ,()ûdetSÊÉû=ûdetSÊÉû(11)(1994)det(S)=exp(jUD)a,b=É,ÊSabMabarg[det(Sab)]+arg(Mab)=Ub(a,b=É,Ê)(12):1Ndet(S)arg[det(S)]=U11arg[det(S)]=U11+U22?arg[det(S)]=U11+U22U33Narg[det(S)]=ni=1Uii,,(2)arg[det(S)]=U11+arg(S22S23-S23S32)=U11+U22+U33+arg1-S23S32S22S33(13)(1991):N,Sii=0(i=1,2,,n)(14):,n=13n=3,n,n=3?,,,,[4](1992),:[S][Z][1][S]=([Z]-[I])([Z]+[I])-1(15):[I],-1+(Hermite,),[S]+=([Z]++[I])-1([Z]+-[I])(16)[S]+[S]=[I](17)([Z]++[I])-1([Z]+-[I])([Z]-[I])([Z]+[I])-1=[I](18)([Z]++[I])([Z]+[I]),,[Z]+[Z]+=0(19)ijZij,Zij+Ri+jXij(20)Rij+Rji=0Xij-Xji=0(21),,Rij=Rji=0(22)Xij=Xji,[S]T=[S](23):T,Rij=Rji=0,,[1]Z12öZ21=S12öS21(24)5261:©1995-2004TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.,S12S21ûS12û=ûS21û,Z12Z21,,Z11Z22,,:(1),;(2),[R]T=-[R](25):,,:,:(,),,,22[S][S]=[S]TSij=Sjiij[S]-1=[S]3[S],[S]=SÉÉSÉÊSÊÉSÊÊ,ûdet(SÉÉ)û=ûdet(SÊÊ)û[2]ûdet(SÉÉ)û=ûdet(SÊÊ)û[3][A]det[A]=12n,ûdet[A]û=1[4][Z][Y][Z]T=[Z][Y]T=[Y][R]T=-[R][G]T=-[G][X]T=[X][B]T=[B],,Maxwell,,,:::,,()[S]+[S]=[I],,[I][Z]=-[Z]+(26)[Z]=[R]+j[X],[R]T=-[R][X]T=[X](27),[R]:,;,,,(24)(Z12öZ21=S12öS21),S12S21ûs12û=ûS21û,Z12Z21(1991)5ij=2Uij-Uii-Uji(28),,ni=1ûSijû2=1j=1,2,,Nni=1ûSikSkjûexp[J(5ij+5ik-5kj)]=0(29)N(N=1)ö2,N(N-1)ö2N,ûSijû5ij,33NN(N+1)2ûSijû,i=1,,NjiN(N-1)25ii,i=1,,NN5ij,i=1,,NjiN(N-1)25ii,i=1,,NN(10)ûS11û=ûS22û512=P(30)ûS11û+ûS22û+ûS33û1-ûS11û+ûS22û+ûS33û1ûS11û-ûS22û+ûS33û1ûS11û+ûS22û-ûS33û1(31)minûS11û=minûS22û=minûS33û=1ö3(32),626©1995-2004TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.1011(11),(4)?213,12:12R1F1Harrington:,,:,,,(1993)Foster:SV,LE,J_M_SE_H_,SE,SH_,XXi,VE_H_;X=Xi,,:13?Fourier,214?,[S][E][E]=[S]+[S](33)[E],det[E-KiI]=0(34)K1,K2,,151415(1994)()n,[E]nK1,K2,,Kn,[9],,,,(1993),,û#û[10]:,,,2,#L=-1,17261:©1995-2004TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.#=S11-SD#L1-S22#L=S11+SD1+S22ûS11û2+ûS12û2=1-$ûS22û2+ûS12û2=1-D#=ej(U11+U22)1+ûS22e-jU22+G1+ûS22ûejU22û(36),ûS22û1,U22=PG-$ejU11(37),û#û,215,,,,,[1113](1998),[14]::;,,?,21616:16[15]S(1)322=(S011-$033S(2)22-$022S(3)22+S0DS(2)22S(3)22)(1-S022S(2)22-S033S(3)22+$011S(2)22S(3)22)S(2)322=(S022-$033S(1)22-$011S(3)22+S0DS(1)22S(3)22)(1-S022S(1)22-S033S(3)22+$022S(1)22S(3)22)S(2)333=(S033-$022S(1)22-$011S(2)22+S0DS(1)22S(2)22)(1-S022S(1)22-S033S(2)22+$033S(1)22S(2)22)(38):[S0],,,,()217,(SymmetricalBroken),,[a]+{[I]-[S]+[S]}[a]0(39)[H]=[I]-[S]+[S],[H],det[hij]kk0(k=1,2,,n)(40)(1985)[16]512=U12+U21-U11-U22512512P-D512-(P-D)(41)DcosD=ûS11û2ûS12û2+ûS21û2ûS22û2-[1-(ûS11û2+ûS21û2)][1-(ûS12û2+ûS22û2)]2ûS11ûûS12ûûS21ûûS22û(42)1717U12S(1994),[17]:512=cos-1-1+[(K1+K2)ö2-r2sin2H(cosUsinU)2ö2]2-K1K2[(K1+K2)-r2sin2H]r2sinHsinUcosU)(43)826©1995-2004TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.D,:512,(a)MoeWind&HaroldRapaport512(b)Pieterse&Versnel51218218,û#û11953,BarllowCullen1[18],[19][20](1985):(1)û#û1;(2)()(),PLP+-P-(44)(3)û#û1;(4),:,219,,Z=R+jXY=G+jBC=A+jBX=X1+jö2Q(45),Z,Y,CX;,;:,,Q[21](1992)f=C2Dq+1-1Pcos-11-DR-12PkR(46)Qc=-f2Dc15fö5D(47)Qc=D2Dc1-12k2RD1-1kD(2R-D)(48)19,,Z0A[22](1992)A=RsEr1191904ln(r2ör1)(49),A,2110,,,R1F1Harrington9261:©1995-2004TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.Reaction,Diraca,b(50),Hilbert,a,a=a2(51),(1)Hermiteu,vh=v,u3h(52)Hilbert(2)u,vs=v,us(53)Hilbertu,v