AP化学5分必会单词(根据历年真题汇编)

AP化学5分必会单词（根据历年真题汇编）StructureofMatter物质结构actinideseries:锕系元素alkalimetal:碱金属（第一主族金属元素）alkalineearthmetal:碱土金属（第二主族金属元素）alpha(a)particle:a粒子amu:atomicmassnumber原子质量单位（12C质量的1/12为1amu）angularmomentumquantumnumber:角量子数anions:阴离子atomicnumber:原子序数（等于质子数）atomicradius:原子半径Aufbauprinciple:原子中的电子优先填入低能量原子轨域Avogadro’snumber(NA):阿佛加德罗常数6.022x1023beta(b)particle:b粒子cathoderays:阴极射线cations:阳离子continuousspectrum:连续光谱coreelectron(innershellelectron):内层电子degenerateorbitals:能量相等轨道diamagnetism:逆磁性diffraction:衍射dualnatureoflight:光的波粒二象性electromagneticradiation:电磁辐射electronaffinity:电子亲和势electroncapture:电子捕获electronegativity:电负性electronicconfiguration:电子构型empiricalformula:经验式excitedstate:激发态fission:裂变fusion:核聚变gamma(g)ray:g射线groundstate:基态groups:族half-life:半衰期halogens:卤素（第七主族元素）Heisenberguncertaintyprinciple:海森堡测不准原理Hund’srule:洪特规则ionizationenergy:电离能isoelectronic:电子数相等的isotopes:同位素lanthanideseries:镧系元素Linespectrum线性光谱magneticquantumnumber:磁量子数main-groupelements:主族元素massnumber:质量数massspectrometer:质谱molarmass:摩尔质量mole:摩尔molecularformula:分子式neutron:中子noblegas:惰性气体元素node:节点nucleus:原子核octetrule:八电子规则orbital:轨道paramagnetism:顺磁性Pauliexclusionprinciple:泡利不相容原理periodictable:（元素）周期表periods:周期photon:光子positron:正电子principalquantumnumber:主量子数proton:质子quantumnumbers:量子数significantfigures:有效数字spinquantumnumber:自旋量子数subshells:电子亚层transitionmetals:过渡金属元素valenceelectrons:价电子wavefunction:波函数BondingandIntermolecularForces化学键与分子间作用力alloy:合金aminoacid:氨基酸amorphoussolid:无定形固体antibondingmolecularorbital:反键分子轨道aqueoussolution:水溶液Avogadro’slaw:阿伏伽德罗定律（气体体积与摩尔数成正比）barometer:气压计binarycompound:二元化合物bondenergy:键能bondingmolecularorbital:成键分子轨道bondingpair:成键电子对bondlength:键长bondorder:键级Boyle’slaw:波义耳定律（气体的温度和物质的量恒定时，体积和压力成反比）capillaryaction:毛细作用carbohydrate:糖类化合物Charles’slaw:查理定律（气体的压力和物质的量恒定时，体积和绝对温度成正比）chelate:螯合物chromatography:色谱分离法colligativeproperties:依数性colloids:胶体condensation:冷凝condensedstates:凝聚态（气态和液态）coordinatecovalentbond:配位共价键coordinationcompound:配位化合物coordinationnumber:配位数Coulomb’slaw:库仑定律covalentbonding:共价键crystallinesolid:晶体型固体Dalton’slaw:道尔顿分压定律（混合气体的总压等于个气体分压之和）diffusion:（气体）扩散混合dilution:稀释dipole–dipoleintermolecularforce:偶极-偶极分子间作用力dipolemoment:偶极矩distillation:蒸馏doublebond:双键effusion:(气体)隙透electrolyte:电解质formalcharge:形式电荷Gay-Lussac’slaw:盖·吕萨克定律（气体的体积和物质的量恒定时，压力和绝对温度成正比）gasconstant:气体常数0.08206(L·atm)/(K·mol)Graham’slaw:格雷姆定律（气体扩散和逸散速率与其摩尔质量的平方根成反比）Henry’slaw:亨利定律（气体的溶解性随气体分压的增加而增大）hybridorbitals:杂化轨道hydration:水合hydrocarbon:烃hydrogenbonding:氢键idealgaslaw:理想气体状态方程idealsolution:理想溶液ion–dipoleintermolecularforce:离子-偶极分子间作用力ionicbonding:离子键ion-induceddipoleintermolecularforce:离子-诱导偶极分子间作用力isotonicsolutions:具有相等渗透压的溶液kineticmoleculartheory(KMT):（气体）动态分子理论latticeenergy:晶格能Lewisstructure:路易斯结构式ligand:配体liquefaction:液化lonepair孤对电子Londondispersionforces:伦敦色散力manometer:压力计molality:摩尔浓度molarvolume:（理想气体标准）摩尔体积molecularorbital(MO):分子轨道理论molefraction:摩尔分数nonelectrolyte:非电解质osmosis:渗透作用osmoticpressure:渗透压partialpressures:分压pibond:p键Planck’sconstant:普朗克常数Raoult’slaw:拉乌尔定律（理想溶液蒸汽压正比于溶剂的摩尔分数）resonancestructure:共振结构reverseosmosis:反渗透semipermeablemembrane:半透膜sigmabond:s键solubility:溶解度solute:溶质solvation:溶剂化solvent:溶剂sublimation:升华surfacetension:表面张力triplebond:叁键Tyndalleffect:廷德尔效应（光的路径在胶体可见）unitcells:晶胞valencebondtheory:价键理论vanderWaalsequation:范德华方程（实际气体状态方程）van’tHofffactor:范特霍夫因子（溶液中溶质产生的粒子摩尔数与溶质摩尔数之比）vaporization:蒸发vaporpressure:蒸气压viscosity:粘度VSEPRtheory:价层电子对互斥理论ChemicalReactions化学反应accuracy:准确度acid:酸acid–baseindicator:酸碱指示剂acidicoxide:酸性氧化物additionreaction:加成反应Ampere:安培amphoteric:酸碱两性的anode:阳极base:碱basicoxide:碱性氧化物battery:电池Br?nsted–Lowrytheory:酸为protondonor，碱为protonacceptorcathode:阴极cellpotential:电池电势chemicalstoichiometry:化学计量学combustionreaction:燃烧反应completeionicequation:全离子反应方程式condensationreaction:缩合反应conjugateacid–basepair:共轭酸碱对disproportionationreaction:反应中一元素既被氧化又被还原electrode:电极electrolysis:电解electrolyticcell:电解池endpoint:滴定终点equivalencepoint:等当量点Faraday:法拉第（1摩尔电子所带电量）fuelcell:燃料电池Galvaniccell:原电池half-reactions:半反应Henderson–Hasselbalchequation:亨德森-哈塞尔巴尔赫方程（用于计算缓冲溶液pH值）hydroniumion:水合氢离子limitingreactant:限制反应物Nernstequation:能斯特方程（计算非标准状态下原电池的电池电位）netionicequation:净离子反应方程式neutralizationreactions:中和反应oxidation:氧化oxidationnumbers:氧化数oxidizingagent:氧化剂percentyield:产率precipitationreaction:沉淀反应precision:精确度redoxreactions:氧化还原反应reducingagent:还原剂reduction:还原spectatorions:旁观（不参与反应）离子standardcellpotential:标准电池电位standardhydrogenelectrode:标准氢电极standardreductionpotentials:标准还原电势substitutionreaction:取代反应titrant:滴定剂titration:滴定titrationcurve:滴定曲线Kinetics动力学activatedcomplex(transitionstate):活化复合物（过渡态）activationenergy:活化能Arrheniusequation:阿伦尼乌斯公式k=Ae-Ea/RTcatalyst:催化剂collisiontheory:碰撞理论coordinatecovalentbonds:配位共价键elementarystep:基元反应步enzyme:酶integratedratelaw:积分速率方程intermediates:中间体isomers:异构体orderofreaction:反应级数rateconstant:速率常数rate-determiningstep:决速步(differential)ratelaw:速率方程reactionmechanism:反应机理绝对零度calorimetry:量热法endothermic:吸热enthalpy:焓entropy:熵exothermic:放热fossilfuel:化石燃料Gibbsfreeenergy:吉布斯自由能heatcapacity:热容heatoffusion:熔化