1直译法主要针对专业术语的译法

Lession2ReadingMaterialTheoryandskillsofspecialEnglishtranslationMainContents§TranslateEnglishintoChinese1.Directtranslation2.Convertedtranslation3.commonlyusedsentencestypes§TranslateChineseintoEnglish§Assignment1.TranslateEnglishintoChinese1.1直译法：主要针对专业术语的译法，有3种：(1)意译法：Co-suppression共抑制(2)音译法：Vitamin维他命（维生素）,penicilin青霉素，外国人名的翻译如：Mendel’sgeneticlaws(3)形译法：x-rayx-射线,θ-replicationθ-复制,D-loopD-环(mtDNA)1.2转换法：(1)词类转换法：Oneofourwaystogetfoodisplantingcropsandvegetable.(动名词→动词)Thatstudenthasmadeacarefulstudyofthepropertiesoftheseproteins(careful→carefully;study(cn)→study(v))(2)句子成分转换法：Incaseofshortageofwaterandfertilizer,wheatswouldundergoextremedifficultiesintheirgrowthanddevelopment(主语subject→C定语attributive)(3)词序转换法：主谓转换，宾语，同位语和状语等转换。有时加译“把”，“给”等助词。X-raywillshowthedoctorclearlyhowthelungsuffers.光会把肺部损害的程度显示给医生。(4)词的省译：英语中经常使用的一些词，如介词，冠词和代词等在汉语中不易译出而省略。Anylivingthinghaslifewhetheritisaplant,ananimal,oragerm任何生物，不论是动物，植物，还是微生物，都有生命。Thestudents,beinginlaboratory,areallfamiliarwiththeoperationofmicroscopes(省介词with)。(5)词的增译：译文增加一些原文中无其形而有其义的词，包括复数名词，动作意义名词,解说性词，语气连词等的增译。Afteraseriesofexperimentsimportantphenomenahavebeenascertained.一系列实验后，许多重要现象确实知道.Oxidationwillmakecarbohydratedecompose.氧化（作用）(6)复合句译法：包括定语从句，状语从句和长句的译法。在此仅讲三种长句译法：a.顺序译法（E.C叙述层次同）；b.变序译法（E.C叙述层次相反）；c.分句译法（各成分在意义上相同）Astudentofbiologymustbecomefamiliarwithallthesignsandsymbolscommonlyusedinbiologyandbeartheminmindfirmly,andbewell-versedinthetechnicalterms,inorderthathemaybeabletobuildupthefoundationofthebiologicalsubjectandmasteritwellforpursuingadvancedstudy.变序译法：为了打好生物学基础，掌握好生物学，以便学习深造，一个生物学专业的学生必须熟悉和牢记生物学中常用的记号和符号，精通其专业术语。Untoldnumbersoforganismsinthepastwereburiedbeneathsiltandsandandintheabsenceofoxygen,weretransformedbyheat,pressure,andtimeintothedepositsoffossil-fuels---coal,petroleumandnaturalgas—thatnowyieldtheirboundenergiestoman..分句译法：过去无数生物被埋在淤泥和沙粒下。在缺氧环境条件下，由于长期温度和压力的影响而转化为矿物燃料—煤，石油和天然气。这些燃料现在为人类产生多种多样的结合能。1.3commonlyusedsentences有人认为It’sthoughtthat-clause人们相信It’sbelievedthat-clause有人指出Ithasbeenshownthat-clause有人感到Itwasfeltthat-clause人们认为，据估计It’sconsideredthat-clause有人以为It’stakenthat-clause人们通常认为It’sgenerallyacceptedthat-人们注意到It’snotedthat-clause人们猜测（推测，假定）It’ssupposedthat-clause有人主张It’sassertedthat-clause人们强调说It’sstressedthat-clause据报道It’sreportedthat-clause前面曾经指出It’snotedabovethat-clause可见，可以看出Itcanbeseenthat-clause必须承认，老实说It’smustbeadmittedthat-clause可以有把握的说Itmaybesafelysaidthat-clause很清楚Itisunderstoodthat-clause据证实Itisdemonstratedthat-clause概括了Itisoutlinedthat-clause讨论了，检查了It’sbeenreviewedthat-clause据称，据说It’sallegedthat-clause无可否认Itcan’tbedeniedthat-clause最好It’spreferred(advisable)that-一目了然It’satonceapparentthat-clause不足为奇，无怪乎Itisnowonderthat-clause足以Itisenoughthat-clause可能Itislikely(possible)that-clause成问题的Itisquestionablethat-clause也许，恐怕Itisprobablethat-clause已准备，已商定Itisarrangedthat-clause2.translateChineseintoEnglish2..1汉语单词和词组的译法。(1)词类转换译法：v→n,n→v,v→adj,n→adj.e.g.学生完全不知道糖和蛋白质都是天然有机物质。Theyareentirelyignorantofcaybolydratesandproteinstobenaturalorganicmaterial.(2)词义引申法（近似法，上下文体会法，利用英语中惯用语）。e.g.在微生物实验中，他非常仔细，因为一有疏忽，往往功败垂成。Therewouldbemanyaslipbetweenthecupandthelipinthecourseofmicrobiologicalexperiments.(3)加译法：译时加上某些英语词或词组，以免“中国腔”e.g.棉花有根，茎，叶，花和果实。Cottonplantsarecomprisedofseveralpartssuchasroots,stems,leaves,flowersandfruits.没关系:Itdoesn’tmatter。够了:That’senoughorfull。在这儿:Hereitis。(4)减译法：译时减去某些汉词或词组，或不能译出的词。由于分子运动而引起的力势必会使分子保持分离状态。Theforceduetothemotionofmoleculestendstokeepthemapart.(减去“引起，状态”)这边儿去.Thisway（减去“走”）2.2汉语句型译法(1)只要（有）……才会（能）……Onlycan(will,isitpossible)….Onlywhen……can(will,isitpossible)(2)要……，必须……Itisimperativetodo.Itisnecessarytodo.Itisessentialtodo每个人都必须改造世界观。Itisimperativeforeveryoneofustoremouldhisworldoutlook.(3)一面（边）……，一面（边）……。在……同时主句+while+主句他一面做实验，一面看英语书Whiledoingexperiments,hereferredtoEnglishbooks.(4）……谈到这里，下面开始（讨论）……Somuchfor……,goontodiscussordiscussingthat生命现象谈到这里，下面开始讨论新陈代谢。Somuchforthephenomenaoflife,nowgoontodiscussmetabolism.(5)……一下……就能对…..得到一个概念Bydoing………cangetanideaof…观察一下新药给病人的效应，你就能对药的疗效得到一个概念。Byobservingtheeffectofthenewdruguponthepatients,youcangetanideaofitsefficiencyofcure.(6)不……便不能……Itis(was)impossibletodo……without……不给水稻充分的水肥，我们便不能使其很好生长发育。Itisimpossibleforustomakericeplantsgrowverywellwithoutasufficientsupplyofwaterandfertilizerforthem.(7)为了……，非……不可。tohavetodo.为了解决酶的作用机理，我们非学习折叠蛋白的表面结构不可。Tosolvetheproblemofenzymeaction,wehavetostudythesurfacestructureofthefoldedprotein.(8)就…..而言，这……已经达到标准So(as)faras……is(was)concerned……is(was)uptothestandard.就速度而言，这台离心机已达到制备DNA的标准。Asfarasspeedisconcerned,thecentrifugeisuptothestandardofpreparingDNA.（9）要不是……Onlythat-clauseIwouldgotoplayfootballonlythatIambusydongEnglishhomework.2.3句子成分换译法：使英译文规范化例如，宾语→主语：自然界许多化合物都含有氢。Hydrogenisfoundinmanycompoundsinnature.1.4复合句的译法确定复合句中各组成部分后，按照英语句法结构把汉语译成规范英语。例如，近年来，生物学家已经看到，细胞内部进行手术能用激光。（宾语从句）Inrecentyears,biologistshaveseenthepossibilityofperformingoperationswithlaserlightwithinthecells.3.Assignment1.TranslateChineseintoEnglish（1）蛋