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MechanicsofMaterials材料力学教学目标了解构件(主要为梁)的设计过程了解单轴应力与多轴应力对失效理论的影响熟悉材料力学中涉及的专业词汇熟悉科技类文献常用句型Introduction简介MechanicsofMaterialsdealswith(研究)theresponseofvariousbodies,usuallycalledmembers(构件),toappliedforces(施加力).InMechanicsofEngineeringMaterialsthemembershaveshapesthateitherexistinactualstructuresorarebeingconsideredfortheirsuitability(根据其需要)aspartsofproposed(拟建的)engineeringstructures.Thematerialsinthemembershavepropertiesthatarecharacteristicofcommonlyused(常用的)engineeringmaterialssuchassteel,aluminum,concrete,andwood.材料力学用以研究不同物体(通常称为构件)对施加力的响应。在工程材料力学中,构件的形状可以是实际结构中存在的,也可以根据其需要而进行考虑(设计),作为拟建工程结构的部件。构件中材料的性能即是常用的工程材料如钢材、铝材、混凝土和木材的特性。Asyoucanseealreadyfromthevarietyofmaterials,forces,andshapesmentioned,MechanicsofEngineeringMaterialsisofinterestto(对..有价值)allfieldsofengineering.TheengineerusestheprinciplesofMechanicsofMaterialstodetermineifthematerialpropertiesandthedimensionsofamemberareadequateto(足以)ensurethatitcancarryitsloadssafelyandwithoutexcessivedistortion.Ingeneral(通常),then,weareinterestedinboththesafeloadthatamembercancarryandtheassociated(相关的)deformation.Engineeringdesignwouldbeasimpleprocessifthedesignercouldtakeintoconsideration(考虑)theloadsandthemechanicalpropertiesofthematerials,manipulate(利用)anequation,andarriveat(得到)suitabledimensions.正如你已经从提到的各种各样的材料、力和形状所看到的,工程材料力学对所有的工程领域都有价值。工程师利用材料力学的原理来确定是否该材料的性能和构件尺寸足以保证它能安全地承受荷载且没有过多的变形。通常,我们关心的是构件能承受的安全荷载及其相应的变形。如果设计者能通过考虑荷载和材料的力学性能,并利用公式得到合适的构件尺寸,那么工程设计将是一个简单的过程。Designisseldomthatsimple.Usually(通常),onthebasisof(根据)experience,thedesignerselectsatrial(试算)memberandthendoesananalysistoseeifthatmembermeetsthespecifiedrequirements.Frequently(常常),itdoesnotandthenanewtrialmemberisselectedandtheanalysisrepeated.Thisdesigncycle(设计周期)continuesuntilasatisfactorysolutionisobtained.Thenumberofcycles(循环次数)requiredtofindanacceptabledesigndiminishesasthedesignergainsexperience.然而设计很少那么简单。通常,根据经验,设计者选择一个试算构件,然后进行分析,看它是否满足规定的要求。它常常不会满足要求,则再选择一个新的试算构件,再进行分析。这样的设计不断重复,直至得到一个满意的结果。当设计师拥有一定的经验后,为得到一个可接受的设计所需要的循环次数会减少。DesignofAxiallyLoadedMembers轴向力构件的设计Togiveyousomeinsightinto(使..有一些了解)thedesigncycle,anextremelysimplememberwillbedealtwithfirst.Thatmemberisaprismaticbarwithaforce,P,actingalongitslongitudinalaxisinthedirection(纵轴向)suchthatittendstoelongatethebar.Suchaforceisreferredtoas(称为)anaxialtensileload(轴向拉力),andwecanreadilyimagineittryingto(努力..)pullthefibersapartandtocausefailureonatransverseplane(横向平面).Itissafetoassumethatallfibersofthebar,inregionsremotefrom(远离)thepointofapplicationoftheload,arebeingpulledapartwiththesameloadintensity(荷载强度).Withthisassumption,theloadintensityorstressisuniformonatransverseplaneandisgivenby(4-1)PA为了使你对设计周期有一些了解,首先研究一个非常简单的构件。构件是个棱形的杆件,其上沿着它的纵轴向作用一个力P,这样往往使杆件在该方向上伸长。这样的力称为轴向拉力,我们能容易地想象它在努力地将纤维拉开,导致横向平面的破坏。安全地假定杆件的所有纤维在远离荷载施加点的区域以相同的荷载强度被拉开。在此假定下,荷载强度或应力在横向平面上是均匀的,为Foragivenaxialloadandgivendimensions,thestresscanbecalculatedfrom(4-1)andcomparedwith(与..相比)thestressthatcanbesafelycarriedbythematerial.Thesafestress,knownas(称为)thedesignstressorallowablestress(许用应力),isdeterminedbytestsperformedonmaterialmadeto(按照)thesamespecificationsasthepartbeingconsidered.Asafetyfactor(安全系数),frequentlyimposedbyalegallyestablishedcode(法规),isappliedtothestrength,asdeterminedbytests,togivetheallowablestress.Theallowablestress,a,isgivenbywherefisthestressatwhichthematerialfails(failuretobedefinedlater)andnisthesafetyfactor.(4-2)afn对已知的轴向力和(构件)尺寸,可根据公式(4-1)计算出应力,并与材料能安全承受的应力作比较。安全应力,称为设计应力或许用应力,它是通过对材料的试验来确定的,该(试验)材料按照与所考虑(验算)的杆件相同的规格来制作。根据法规规定,通常对试验所确定的强度考虑安全系数后得到许用应力。许用应力a为这里,f为材料失效时的应力,而n为安全系数。Beforeapproving(核准)trialdimensions,thedesignermakescertain(确信)thatthedesignissafebydeterminingthattheinequality(不等式)issatisfied.Theinequalityisusuallymoreconvenientintheform(4-3)aaorPA不等式常常以更合适的形式出现,即(4-4)aAP在核准试算的尺寸之前,设计者通过确定不等式成立而确信设计的安全,即Itmightatfirst(起先)seemthatthedesignerwouldalwaysdimension(选定..的尺寸)thecrosssection(横截面)sothatthestresswouldexactlyequaltheallowablestress.However,itmaybeverycostlytoproducepartsthathavenonstandardsizes,soitisusuallymoreeconomicaltowastesomematerialbyselectingthenext(接近的)largerstandardsizeabovethatrequiredbytheallowablestress.Departurefrom(背离)standardsizesisjustified(合理的)incaseswherethepenalty(不利后果)forexcessweightisverysevere,asinaircraft(航天器)orspace-ship(宇宙飞船)design.起先似乎设计者总是在选定横截面的尺寸,以使应力恰好等于许用应力。但是,生产非标准尺寸部件的成本可能很高,因此,通常人们会选择比按许用应力要求的尺寸大一些的标准尺寸部件,这样尽管浪费了一些材料,但总体上更经济。但不选择标准尺寸的做法在诸如航天器和宇宙飞船的设计中证明是合理的,因为多余重量产生的不利后果是很严重的。DesignofBeams梁的设计Uptothispoint(至此)wehavelookedat(考虑)thebeamproblemasaprobleminanalysis;thatis(即),foragivensetofloads,span,andcrosssectionwehavebeencalculatingthestress.Themorecommonlyencounteredproblemistoselectastandardsection,ordesignamember,foragivenspanandloadswithoutexceedingacertainallowablestress.Undersomeconditionstheallowablestressmaybedependentuponthedimensionsandshapeofthecrosssection,inwhichcasetheselectionofthememberbecomesmoredifficult.Forthepresent(暂时)wewilltaketheallowablestressasthough(似乎)itdependsonlyonthestrengthofthematerialandthesafetyfactor.至此,我们已经考虑了梁的问题而进行了(问题)分析,即对给定的一组荷载、跨度和横
本文标题:改 2 Mechanics of Materials 材料力学
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