59衔接与连贯

衔接与连贯语篇分析•任何一个语篇可以看做是一个句子之间相互衔接、文内意义相互连贯的一个有机整体，它表现为句子之间的外显的粘合和内部语义和功能的内聚性、互参性。前者称之为“衔接”，后者称之为“连贯”。•鱼片衔接手段主要有语法衔接和词汇衔接。期中语法衔接有照应（reference)、替代（substitution)、省略（ellipsis)和连接(conjunction)等四种。词汇衔接主要通过词语的同现和词语的复现来实现的。•Businessfile:themagicofthemerger•1)1998wasundoubtedlytheyearofthemerger.2)Morecompaniesthaneverbeforejoinedtogetherindealsthattotaled$2.25trillionandcreatedtheworld’slargesteverbankandtheworld’sbiggestoilcompany.3)facedwithplummetingoilprices,oilgiantsExxonandMobilsoughttoachieveeconomiesofscalethorougha$250bnmerger.•4)Thereareseveralfactorsbehindtheincreaseinmergersandacquisitions.5)Firstly,theacceleratedrateofglobalizationhasleftcompaniesdesperatelyseekingoverseasacquisitioninordertoremaincompetitive.6)DeutschebankboughtitswayintotheUSwithitstakeoverofBankersTrust,whilstSiemenshopesthatitsacquisitionsofMatra,theFrenchdefensegroup,•WillallowittogainaccesstoFrances’srailwaybusiness,whichisdominatedbyAlstom,theAnglo-Frenchconsortium.•7)anotherfactorbehindtheincreaseinmergeractivityistherecordperformanceofstockmarkets,whichhasenabledcompaniestofinancemajoracquisitionsonthestrengthoftheirinflatedshareprices.8)earlierthisyear,Vodafone,theUKmobiletelephoneoperator,acquireditsUScounterpartAirTouchbymakingAirTouchshareholdersacashandstockswapofferworthatotalof&62bn.9)ThedealcreatedVodafoneAirTouch,theworld'slargestmobiletelecomsgroupwithover29mcustomers.•10)TheEuropeanbankingsectorisalsoseeingatrendtowardsconsolidation,aprocessacceleratedbyderegulation,over-capacityandthearrivalofthesingleEuropeancurrency.•11)Newtechnologyisalsomakingiteasierforcompaniestodiversifyasdifferentindustriescometorelyoncommontechnologies.12)Microsoft,forinstance,isbusilydiversifyingintocableandmobiletelecommunicationsaswellasWebTv.13)theUSsoftwaregianthasa•$5bnequitystakeinAT&T,whichrecentlyboughtMediaOnefor$57bn.14)underthedeal,Microsoftwillsucceedinintroducingitsrecently-launchedcabletelevisionsoftwareintomillionsofhomesintheUSandUK.•15)notallmergers,however,aretheresultofglobaleconomictrends,politicalchangeortechnologicalinnovation.16)BMW’s•TakeoveroftheRoverGroupinjectedmuchneededinvestmentintothestrugglingUKcarmanufacturerwhilstextendingBMW’sproductrange.17)AndwhentheUKpharmaceuticalfirmZenecamergedwithSwedishdrugcompanyAstra,thenewcompanystartedlifewithstrongcombinedR&Dcapabilities,furtherstrengthenedbytheworld’sbestsellingdrugLosecinitsportfolioofproducts.•18)despiteallthesepotentialbenefitsandtheirpromiseofcompetitiveadvantage,mergersandacquisitionsarenotrisk-freeventures.•19)Suchalliancesaremorethanjustfinancialagreements;theyalsoinvolvethecomingtogetherofdifferentcorporateand,inmanycases,nationalcultures.20)Thiscanhaveadestabilizingeffectonaworkforceandmaymeanprojectedefficienciesarenotdelivered.21)DaimlerandChrysler,forexample,facethechallengeofintegratingtwoverydifferentcorporateandnationalcultures.•22)Afurtherdestabilizingeffectistheprospectofredundanciesascompanieslooktoreducetheirpayrollbyrestructuringduplicatedfunctionssuchasmarketingandadministration.23)Althoughshareholdersareluredbysuchshort-termsavings,thereislittleevidencetoshowthatmergersandacquisitionsactuallyaddlong-termvaluetocompanyperformance.•原文一共有23个句子，每个句子都使用了衔接手段，具体为：•2）that•4)severalfactors•5)firstly;its;it;which•6)its;whilst;its;it;which•7)anotherfactor;which•8)its•9)thedeal•10)also•11)also;it•12)forinstance•13)which•14)thedeal;its•15)however•16)thestrugglingUKcarmanufaturer;whilst•17)and;its•18)despite•19)suchalliances;they•20)this•21)forexample•22)their•23)Although;such•(1)照应•“照应”指的是语篇中一个成分作为另一个成分的参照点。它包括人称、指示和比较照应。上面文章中照应有：2）中的that；6）中的its，its，it，which；7）中的which；8）中的its；11）中的it；13）中的which；14）中的its；17）中的its；19）中的20）中的this；22）中的their；23）中的such等。这些照应都属于指前照应（anaphora）。•（2）词汇衔接•词汇衔接包括词语同现和词语复现，词汇衔接也可以称作指同表达。汉语中典型的指同表达类型有三种：1.同形表达式，即重复（repetition/fullrepetition);2.局部同形表达式，即部分重复（partialrepetition)和3.异形表达式（differentform），其中异形表达式可分为四种情况：a.同义词（synonym);b.通称词（generalword);c.指代词(pronoun);d.零形式或零照应（zeroanaphora）。•7）句中的anotherfactor是局部同形表达式，局部指代前面的severalfactors。8）句中的uscounterpart是异形表达式，是为了避免重复使用名词短语mobiletelephoneoperator而使用counterpart来等同与该名词短语，counterpart在这里是统称词。19）句中的such是指前照应，alliance是采用同义词的异形表达式。•（3）连接•连接时至语篇中句与句之间的逻辑关系，及句子是在什么意义上联系起来，与语义相关。韩礼德和哈桑（1976）将连接分为增补（additive）转折（adversative）、原因（casual）和时间（temporal）等四种。还有列举（enumeration）、举例（exemplification）等。•下面是本文中的各种连接：•A。列举：5）中的firstly；7）中的anthter；。•B.转折：6)中的whilst;15)however;16)whilst;18)Despite;23)although•C增补：10)和11）中的also；17）and•D.举例：12)forinstance;21)forexample•（4）替代•根据韩礼德和哈桑的观点，替代是指在英语语篇中一替代词去取代另一个语言成分的衔接方式，其语义可在上下文中寻找。替代可以分为名词性、动词性和从句性三种。•1）Motherboughttwogreyshirtsandthreeredonesyesterday.•2)Marywouldn’ttakethemoney,butSusandid.•3)youdon’twanttolagbehind.Neitherdoesshe.•4)doyouthinkit’sgoingtorain?–Isupposeso.•(5)省略•指语篇衔接手段中的省略，包括名词、动词、小句的省略，还包括主语的承前省略。1)Agovernmentofandbyandfortheexploitingclasscannotpossiblysurvive.•2)Mattercanbechangedintoenergy,andenergyintomatter.•3)IkeptquietbecauseMarygetsveryembarrassedifanyonementionsJohn’sname.Idon’tknowwhy.•主语的承前省略或称为零形式或零照应是汉语中特有的现象。