大学英语翻译

Translation•汉英词义对比•英汉词汇意义的对应程度，大致有以下三种情况•1）词义相符(semanticcorrespondence)如:山(mountain),学生(student),环境保护(environmentalprotection)在寻找语义相符的对应语时,易犯逐词翻译的毛病,找到假对应词,如:学习知识tolearnknowledge(toacquireknowledge)盐水saltwater(saltsolution)2)二.词义相异(semanticnon-correspondence)词义相异有两种情况.第一种是指称意义相符,蕴涵意义相异.松、梅、竹（岁寒三友，蕴含不畏唁函，傲然风雪的品德）然而，英语中pinetrees,plumblossoms,bamboo不具备上述蕴含意义。“羊”在古汉语中就是吉祥的意思.如“三羊开泰”(ThreeRamsBringBliss)ram在英语中除表示“公羊”外，还表示“撞击装置”。第二种情况是指称意义和蕴涵意义相异.phoenix(凤凰):mythicalbirdoftheArabiandesert,saidtoliveforseveralhundredyearsbeforeburningitselfandthenrisingbornagainfromitsashes“龙凤呈祥”(DragonandPhoenixBringingProsperity)3)词义空缺(semanticzero)词语意义的空缺是文化现象空缺的结果.翻译是需要用音译,意译或其他方式表示其义.糖葫芦Tanghulu,asugar-coatedfruitonthestickwhichisakindofchildren’sfavoritefoodinwinter特困生themostneedystudents乌纱帽anofficialpost站票standing-room-onlytickets钱先生周岁时“抓周”,抓了一本书,因此得名“钟书”.WhenQianwasjustoneyearold,hewastoldbyhisparentstochooseonethingamongmanyothers,hepickedupabookofallthings.Thereuponhisfatherverygladlygavehimthename:Zhongshu(=booklover).钱先生周岁时“抓周”,抓了一本书,因此得名“钟书”.WhenQianwasjustoneyearold,hewastoldbyhisparentstochooseonethingamongmanyothers,hepickedupabookofallthings.Thereuponhisfatherverygladlygavehimthename:Zhongshu(=booklover).每年春季，数以万计的中外客商云集申城，参加一年一度的华东出口品交易会。上海各类商品在这里与全国各地一比短长。上海的优势在于科技实力，因此高技术产口的出口应成为上海外贸出口增长的排头兵”。著名物理学家杨振宁教授曾说：高科技战场是中国超越发达国家的主战场，也是最后的战场。”走发展高科技贸易之路，是历史的必然，也是末来的需要。•中外客商•domesticandforeignbusinessmen•云集申城•swarmintoShanghai•华东出口品交易会•EastChinaExportCommodityTradeFair•一比短长•compete•科技实力•scientificandtechnologicalstrength•排头兵•taketheleadin高科技战场•Thehigh-techbattlefield•超越•overtake•高科技贸易•high-techtrade•必然•indispensable•每年春季，数以万计的中外客商云集申城，参加一年一度的华东出口品交易会。•EveryspringhundredsofthousandsofdomesticandforeignbusinessmenswarmintoShanghaitoattendtheannualEastChinaExportCommodityTradeFair.•上海各类商品在这里与全国各地一比短长。•Here,allkindsofgoodsfromShanghaicompetewiththegoodsfromotherplacesinChina.•上海的优势在于科技实力，因此高技术产口的出口应成为上海外贸出口增长的排头兵”。•TheadvantageofShanghailiesinitsadvancedscientificandtechnologicalstrength,thereforetheexportofhigh-techproductsshouldtaketheleadinincreasingShanghaisforeigntradeandexport.•著名物理学家杨振宁教授曾说：高科技战场是中国超越发达国家的主战场，也是最后的战场。•ProfessorYangZhenning,afamousphysicist,oncesaid,“Thehigh-techbattlefieldisthemainandthelastbattlefieldforChinatoovertakethedevelopedcountries.”•”走发展高科技贸易之路，是历史的必然，也是末来的需要。•Itisnotonlyindispensableinhistory,butalsonecessaryinthefuturetodevelopbywayofpromotinghigh-techtrade.EveryspringhundredsofthousandsofdomesticandforeignbusinessmenswarmintoShanghaitoattendtheannualEastChinaExportCommodityTradeFair.Here,allkindsofgoodsfromShanghaicompetewiththegoodsfromotherplacesinChina.TheadvantageofShanghailiesinitsadvancedscientificandtechnologicalstrength,thereforetheexportofhigh-techproductsshouldtaketheleadinincreasingShanghaisforeigntradeandexport.ProfessorYangZhenning,afamousphysicist,oncesaid,“Thehigh-techbattlefieldisthemainandthelastbattlefieldforChinatoovertakethedevelopedcountries.”Itisnotonlyindispensableinhistory,butalsonecessaryinthefuturetodevelopbywayofpromotinghigh-indispensableinhistory,butalsonecessaryinthefuturetodevelopbywayofpromotinghigh-indispensableinhistory,butalsonecessaryinthefuturetodevelopbywayofpromotinghigh-techtrade.•汉英句法对比汉语句子特点是“以意统形”.因而汉语的句法特征是意合(parataxis),强调逻辑关联与意义关联而不在意词语之间和句际之间的形式衔接.英语句子的特点是强调形式和功能,因而英语的句法特点是形合(hypotaxis).句子成分之间的关系要求用形式标记表明.请看下例:1)我常见许多青年的朋友,2)聪明用功,3)成绩优异,4)而语文程度不足以达意,5)甚至写一封信亦难得通顺,6)问其故则曰其兴趣不在语文方面.倘若完全按原文的句法特征将其译成英文,可能是:1)Ihavecomeacrossagreatmanyyoungfriends,2)Brightanddiligent,3)Doexceedinglywellinstudies,4)buttheyareratherweakinChinese,5)evencan’twriteasmoothChineseletter.6)Whenaskedwhy,they’llsaytheyarenotinterestedinChinese.Ihavecomeacrossagreatmanybrightanddiligentyoungfriendswhohavedoneexceedinglywellintheirstudies,butareratherweakinChinese.TheycannotevenwritealetterincorrectChinese.WhenIaskedthemwhy,theysaidtheywerenotinterestedintheChineselanguage.英语的从句前必须根据其语法功能用when,where,who,that,an等表示关联词将其与主句衔接起来.这也是汉语语法隐含性(covertness)的一种表现.而英语的语法呈外显性(overtness),体现了英美人重个体,重分析的思维方式.