大学英语语法9――不定式短语

CollegeEnglishGrammar:GrammarandWritingByZhuXiangjunUnit9Phrases:InfinitivePhrases•Grammar:InfinitivePhrases•Writing:Correcting:DoubleNegativesRewriting:ImportantideasofasentenceInfinitivePhrasesAninfinitiveisusedasanoun,anadjective,oranadverb.Unlikearealverbwhichfunctionsasapredicateinasentence,aninfinitiveisusedasasubject,object,attributive,adverbialorcomplement.(not)to+Verb=infinitive•Toshopishergreatestlove.•(asanounfunctioningasasubject)•Soonthereleftnowatertodrink.•(asanadjectivemodifyinganoun“water”)•Thethieves’carwasbadlydamagedandeasytorecognize.•(asanadverbmodifyinganadjective“easy”)•Tokeephealthy,Idomorningexercise.•(asanadverbmodifyingaverb“do”)1.Infinitiveforms:Infinitiveforms•Simple:todo•Progressive:tobedoing•Passive:tobedone•Perfect:tohavedone•Passive+progressive:tobebeingdone•Passive+perfect:tohavebeendoneProgressiveforms=anactionistakingplacenow.Passiveforms=thesubjectofthesentenceisbeingactedupon.Perfectinfinitiveforms=completioninboththepastandthefuture.1.Myfriendhappenedtobeinthenextroom.•Shewassingingthere.•Myfriendhappenedtobesinginginthenextroom.2.Hisbicyclewasfound.•Heneverexpectedso.•Heneverexpectedthebicycletobefound.3.Sailorshaveseenmonsters.•Themonsterslivedinthesea.•Sailorssometimesclaimso.•Sailorssometimesclaimtohaveseenmonstersinthesea.2.Functions2.1.AsadjectivesAninfinitivephraseactsasanadjectivethatdescribes,limits,ormodifiesanounorpronoun.Anadjectiveinfinitivephraseusuallycomesafterthenounorpronounitmodified.•Arthurwaslookingforaway.•Bythewayhecanearnmoney.•Arthurwaslookingforawaytoearnmoney.•Thepriesthasnevergottenenoughmoney.•Withthemoneyhecanmakepeoplerepairedthechurchclock.•Thepriesthasnevergottenenoughmoneytohavethechurchclockrepaired.2.2.AsadverbsAninfinitivephraseactsasanadverbthatmodifiesaverb,adjectiveoranotheradverb.•Itwashalfanhourlater.•Hewentoutside.•Hewasastonished.•Hefoundthelittleblacklambwasalmostwhite.•Whenhewentoutsidehalfanhourlater,hewasastonishedtofindthelittleblacklambwasalmostwhite.•Idroppedmysuit.•Idasheddownstairs.•IwantedtotellGeorge.•Droppingmysuit,IdasheddownstairstotellGeorge.2.3.AsnounsAninfinitivephrasecanbeusedasanoun,servingasthesubject,thesubjectcomplement,theobjectortheobjectcomplementofasentence.•Ieatproperly.•Iexercisefrequently.•Thishabitkeepsmyhealthy.•Toeatproperlyandtoexercisefrequentlykeepsmyhealthy.•Theyprotectprivateproperty.•Thatistheirjob.•Theirjobistoprotectprivateproperty.3.PositionAsanadjective,aninfinitiveisusuallyplacedaftertheworditmodifies.•Thefirstmandidnothavetheopportunitytowritetheirideasonpaper.•[asanadjectivemodifyinganoun“opportunity”]•Histeacherwasunabletofindoutwhyhewassotroubled.•[asanadverbmodifyinganadjective“unable”]Asanadverbtomodifyaverb,itspositioninasentenceisflexible.Itmayappearatthebeginning,attheendorinthemiddleofasentence.•Totellyouthetruth,Ihavenoideawhatthisreallymeans.•Ihavenoidea,totellyouthetruth,whatthisreallymeans.•Ihavenoideawhatthisreallymeans,totellyouthetruth.4.Punctuation4.1.AtthebeginningWhenaninfinitivephraseintroducesasentence,wesetitofffromtherestofthesentencewithacomma.Thepatternlookslikethis:infinitivephrase,+mainclause.•Youwanttoarrivethereontime.•Youmustleavenow.•Toarrivethereontime,youmustleavenow.•Chinesedepartmentwantedtoattractnewmajors.•Itmadecurriculumchanges.•Thesecurriculumchangesareimaginative.•Toattractnewmajors,Chinesedepartmentmadeimaginativecurriculumchanges.4.2.InthemiddleWhenaninfinitivephraseoccursinthemiddleofthesentence,weusetwocommasaroundittosetitofffromtherestofthesentence,tocreatingtheeffectofanimportantafterthoughtoraddspecialemphasistothefollowingwordsbyforcingthereadertopausebeforethem.startofmainclause+,infinitivephrase,+endofmainclause.•Wewantedtosaveourlives.•Wewouldgiveeverythingwepossess.•Wewouldbewillingtodoso.•We,tosaveourlives,wouldwillinglygiveeverythingwepossess.•Themanwantedtoprovethatthediamondswerereal.•Hewenttogreatlengths.•Theman,toprovethatthediamondswerereal,wenttogreatlengths.4.3.AttheendWhenaninfinitivephraseconcludesamainclause,youneednopunctuationtoconnectthetwosentenceparts.mainclause+Ø+infinitivephrase.•Heinvitedanumberofcritics.•Theywereimportant.•Hewantedthemtoseehiscollectionofpaintings.•Thecollectionwashisprivate.•Thepaintingsweremodern.•Heinvitedanumberofimportantcriticstoseehisprivatecollectionofmodernpaintings.•Formostofthem,fiftypenceisasmallprice.•Theypaythepriceforabarofchocolate.•Thebarofchocolateisbig.•Thebarofchocolateisnice.•Formostofthem,fiftypenceisasmallpricetopayforanicebigbarofchocolate.DoubleNegativesAdoublenegativeoccurswhentwotermsofnegationareusedinthesameclause.Itisusuallyproducedbycombiningthenegativeformofverb(cannot,didn’t,haven’t)withanegativepronoun,anegativeadverboranegativeconjunction.Thefollowinglistcontainswordsthatareregardedasnegative.Ifyouusetheminyoursentencesonce,yourstatementswillbenegative.•Negativepronoun:no,not,none,nothing,nobody,noone,nowhere;•Negativeadverb:never,hardly,scarcely,barely;•Negativeconjunction:neither,nor.Onsomeoccasions,mostlywhenspeaking,theuseofdoublenegative