中国文化概况(修订版)Chapter-4

1AGLIMPSEOFCHINESECULTURE中国文化概况2Chapter4Education3学习目标了解中国教育发展简史;掌握古今教育有关常用术语;探讨中国教育现状及心目中的优秀教师标准。4Lead-inActivityEducationinChinaDiscussion&PresentationOverviewWatchthevideoclipanddiscussthereasonwhyShanghaischoolsoutperformtheEntireWorldOnTests.Watch&ThinkLead-inActivity6TraditionalEducationPresentEducationEducationinChinaInternationalExchange&Cooperation•PrivateSchools•OfficialSchools•ImperialCivilExaminationSystemTheDevelopmentofTraditionalEducation•Aschoolsetupbyafamily,clan,orteacherthat•Generallywithjustoneteachergivingindividualtuition•Nosettextbooksnorspecifiedtimespanofstudy•PrevailedIntheSpringandAutumnPeriod•Manyscholarsofdifferentschoolsofthoughtspreadtheirteachinginthisway.•TheprivateschoolrunbyConfuciuswasthelargestandmostinfluential.PrivateSchoolsTheDevelopmentofTraditionalEducation•BeganduringtheWesternZhouDynasty•Onlychildrenofnobleswereadmitted.•Theofficialschoolingsystemincludedacentralschoolandlocalschoolsindifferentadministrativeregions.•Teachingmaterials:centeredontheFourBooksandtheFiveClassics(四书五经)•GraduallydeterioratedaftertheSuidynastyTheDevelopmentofTraditionalEducationOfficialSchoolsFourBooksTheGreatLearning《大学》TheDoctrineofMean《中庸》TheAnalectsofConfucius《论语》Mencius《孟子》FiveClassicsTheBookofPoems《诗经》TheBookofHistory《尚书》TheBookofRites《礼记》TheBookofChanges《易经》TheSpringandAutumnAnnals《春秋》TheDevelopmentofTraditionalEducationOfficialSchools•CameintobeingduringtheTangDynastyandcontinueduntiltheendoftheQingDynasty•Establishedinvariouslocalitiesforstudiesandlectures•Existedforthousandsofyearsandweremorelikethepresenthighereducationinstitutionsandlibraries•Becamethegatheringplacesforscholars,celebrities,andintellectuals•Whentheimperialcivilexaminationsystemwasabolished,mostoftheacademieswereconvertedintoschools.TheDevelopmentofTraditionalEducationTheAcademyofClassicLearningOfficialSchoolsfourfamousacademiesofancientChinaYueluAcademy(岳麓书院)BailudongAcademy(白鹿洞书院)TheDevelopmentofTraditionalEducationSongyangAcademy(嵩阳书院)YingtianAcademy(应天书院)•DominatededucationinChina’sfeudalsociety•Themethodbywhichtalentedpeoplewererecognizedandselectedasgovernmentofficials•OriginatedintheSuiDynastyandlastedmorethan1,300yearsuntilthelateQingDynasty.•Onceservedasapositivemethodtoenablealmostallmentorealisetheirpotential,regardlessoftheirparentageorage.•Abolishedin1905TheDevelopmentofTraditionalEducationImperialCivilExaminationSystem•TwoTypesThecivilexaminationfeaturedwriting,whichinvolvedthewritingofanEight-partessay(八股文),andwasdesignedtoselectJinshi.Themilitaryexaminationfeaturedmartialarts,includinghorsemanship,archery,andweightlifting.•Thecandidatewhowon:1stplace:zhuangyuan（状元）2ndplace:bangyan（榜眼）3rdplace:tanhua（探花）TheDevelopmentofTraditionalEducationImperialCivilExaminationSystem•heldonceeverythreeyears(duringMingandQingdynasties)NewLearning•AverydifferenttypeofschoolcalledNewLearning,modeledafterWesterneducationalinstitutions,replacedthetraditionalofficialschools.•Publicschoolswerefoundedinallpartsofthecountrywithmanysubjectsofstudyofferedaspartofthecurriculum.•AftertheRevolutionof1911,ChinaintroducedaWesterneducationalsystemencompassingalllevelsfromprimaryschooltouniversity.TheDevelopmentofTraditionalEducation16TraditionalEducationPresentEducationEducationinChinaInternationalExchange&Cooperation•BasicEducation•SeniorMiddleSchoolandSecondaryVocationalSchool•HigherEducation•AdultEducation•SpecialEducation•VocationalEducation•EducationforEthnicGroupsPresentEducationPresentEducationSystem•Encompasses:preschooleducationprimaryschooleducationmiddleschooleducation(juniormiddleandseniormiddle)•Length:fiveorsixyearsinprimaryschoolsthreeyearsinjuniormiddleschoolsthreeyearsinseniormiddleschools.BasicEducationPresentEducationTwomainforms:Nurseriesprovidecareforbabiesundertheageofthree.Therearedaynurseriesaswellasboardingnurseries(全托)Kindergartensenrollchildrenfromagethreetosix.Gameplayingformsthemainpartoftheireducationalactivitiesgenerallystaffedwithteachers,nursesanddoctorsformulatedregulationsandrulestostandardizetheperformanceofkindergartenteachersandassessments.PresentEducationPre-schooleducationNine-yearCompulsoryEducation•Requireseachchildtohavenineyearsofformaleducation•Composedoftwoparts:six-yearsinprimaryschoolthree-yearsinjuniorhighschool.•Afterjuniormiddleschool,studentshouldchoosebetweenvocationalschoolandageneraleducationinseniormiddleschool.•Thegovernmentplaysadominantrole•privatesocialcirclesplayasupplementaryrole•ProjectHope(希望工程)andtheSpringBudProject(春蕾计划)havehelpedchildren,especiallygirls,inpoorareastoattendschools.PresentEducationSeniorMiddleSchoolandSecondaryVocationalSchoolapreparationperiodforthestudentstoentercollegesanduniversities.achoicebetweenliberalartsandscienceattheendofthefirstacademicyearAnexaminationtakentogettheCertificateofGraduationforSeniorMiddleSchoolTheNationalCollegeEntranceExaminationisanacademicexaminationheldannuallyinChinaaimedtoselecthigh-schoolgraduatesforcollegeadmissions.PresentEducationSeniorMiddleSchoolSeniorMiddleSchoolandSecondaryVocationalSch