人体寄生虫学复习总结

人体寄生虫学HumanParasitologyIntroduction教学及考试形式1.教师主讲与学生参与讨论、演讲相结合（可2～3人/组,每组学生参与1-2次讨论，以组为单位进行记分）2.课程成绩的组成：平时理论考试实验20％80％实验课安排时间：周三下午（双周）（第2,4,6,8,10周，共5次）第1次实验，9月16日（周三）下午上课地点：病原生物学实验室（东1号楼3楼东）带上实验报告纸（8张，订起来）穿实验服按要求入座并固定下来（不要迟到）教学辅助1.精品课程网站：其他：常用网址：1.://(MedicalParasitology)MedicalParasitologyisabranchofmedicalsciencedealingwithparasiteslivinginandonthebodyofhumansandwithaspectsofthishost-parasiterelationshipshavingmedicalsignificance.Bridgecoursebetweenbasicmedicineandclinicalmedicine认识寄生虫及寄生虫病诊治寄生虫病预防寄生虫病Whydowestudyparasites?1.MedicalimportanceIsalionaparasite?Isamosquitoaparasite?Whoisaparasite?Protozoa原虫Helminths蠕虫Arthropods节肢动物ThreemajorgroupsInthiscoursewewillconcentrateon:ThedetrimentsofparasitestohumansRecentestimatesofprevalenceofparasitesintheworldare:Ascaris1.5billionHookworms1.3billionWhipworms1billionFilarialworms657millionMalaria500million1.1568m(mortality)Schistosomes270millionAmebiasis50millionTaeniadtapeworms50millionClonorchis20millionChagas’Disease15milliondiseaseburden(WHO,2000-2004)malaria42.7386millionleishmania2.066millionDALYs(disability-adjustedlifeyears)失能调整生命年Thesumofyearsofpotentiallifelostduetoprematuremortalityandtheyearsofproductivelifelostduetodisability.Year1975Malaria疟疾Schistosomiasis血吸虫病Filariasis丝虫病Leishmaniasis利什曼病Trypanosomiasis锥虫病(麻风leprosy)Year2000疟疾malaria血吸虫病schistosomiasis丝虫病filariasis淋巴丝虫病lymphaticfilariasis盘尾丝虫病onchocerciasis利什曼病leishmaniasis锥虫病trypanosomiasis非洲锥虫病美洲锥虫病麻风leprosy结核病tuberculosis登革热denguefeverTropicalDiseases--ForgottenPeople,ForgottenDiseasesIncludingseveraldiseases,whichaffectoneinsixpeopleglobally,areneglectedbyeverybody-bythepharmaceuticalindustry,bymainstreamglobalhealtheffortsandbythemedia.被忽视的热带病(NeglectedTropicalDiseases)一类盛行千年，危害严重，多见于极端贫困地区的慢性传染性疾病malaria疟疾schistosomiasis日本血吸虫病elephantiasis淋巴丝虫病(象皮肿)riverblindness(盘尾丝虫病,河盲症)leishmaniasis利什曼病Chagasdisease美洲锥虫病sleepingsickness(非洲锥虫病,睡眠病)CurrentsituationofparasiticdiseasesinChina1950’s2000’sMalaria3×1073×104Schistosomiasis1.16×1078.4×105Lymphaticfilariasis3×107eliminatedLeishmaniasis5.3×105eliminatedHookwormdisease1.94×108(1988-92)3.93×107(2001~04)ParasiticdiseasesimportingfromothercountriesIntestinalhelminths(1.29×108)Food-borneparasitosisEmergingparasiticdiseasesNeoemergingReemerging2004年第二次寄调食物源性寄生虫病2.EconomicimportanceWhydowestudyparasites?3.Veterinaryimportance4.Biologicalimportance思考：1.寄生虫（寄生虫病）的研究发展史。2.人类能最终战胜寄生虫病吗？（寄生虫病能消灭吗？）3.Sometypesofparasiticinfectionsareincreasing,pleasediscussindetail.Evolutionofparasitism：FreelivingSymbiosis（共生）biologyofparasitescommensalisms共栖mutualism互利共生parasitism寄生CommensalismBeneficialtoonepartnerandatleastnotdisadvantageoustotheother（Onepartnerbenefitsbuttheotherisnothurt.）鮣鱼returnMutualismbeneficialtobothorganisms(Bothpartnersbenefit)Seaanemones/hermitcrabsTermite/flagellatedprotozoanreturnAsymbioticrelationshipinwhichoneanimal(thehost)istosomedegreeinjuredthroughtheactivitiesoftheotheranimal(theparasite).Inotherwords,Onepartner(theparasite)harmsorlivesontheexpenseoftheother（thehost）Parasitism---awayoflifeParasitesaresmart!Parasite（寄生物，寄生虫）:AnorganismwhichisdependentonanotherorganismforitssurvivalHost（宿主）:Anorganismwhichharborstheparasite（andisusuallylargerthantheparasite）Definitionofparasite,hostandparasitismMorphologicaladaptations2.Specializedattachmentorgansbeendeveloped(hooks,suckers)3.SomeorganslostorreducedSomeorgansstrengthened(reproductivesystem)1.AdaptationofbodilyformAdaptationstoParasitismPhysiologicaladaptations•Metabolicchanges代谢改变•Specializedmechanismsforaffectingentranceintothebodyortissue(elaborationofenzymes)侵入机制特化•Highreproductivecapacityformaintainingthespecies繁殖能力增强Lifecycleandtheclassificationofthehostandparasitelifecycle生活史Thewholeprocessofthegrowing,developmentandreproductionofparasitewithinandoutsidethehost.(寄生虫完成一代的生长、发育与繁殖的整个过程。)Twocommonphases:therouteaparasitefollowsinsidethebodyTherouteaparasitefollowsoutsideofthebodyThreecommoncomponents:amodeoftransmission(discusslater)aninfectivestageadiagnosticstagethestageofdevelopmentofparasiteswhichcaninvadehostandcontinuefurtherdevelopmentwithinthehost.感染期infectivestage（感染阶段）生活史过程中对人体具有感染能力(侵入人体并继续发育）的阶段Directlifecycle:Inwhichtheparasiteispassedfromhosttothenextthroughthecontaminatedfoodorwater,itdoesn’tneedintermediatehost.Indirectlifecycle:IntermediatehostisnecessaryinthestyleoflifecycleKindsoflifecyclesEx：EnterobiusvermicularisEx：TaeniasoliumDefinitivehost:Host(终宿主definitivehost：成虫或有性生殖阶段寄生的宿主。)Theoneinwhichtheparasitereachessexualmaturityorundergoessexualreproduction.(harbourstheadultorsexualreproductionstagesoftheparasite)Inwhichonlylarvaldevelopmentorasexualreproductionoccursorboth(中间宿主intermediatehost：幼虫或无性生殖阶段寄生的宿主。)Intermediatehost:Reservoirhost:Theparasitecanbetransmittedtohumans(zoonosis)ordomesticanimalsasadditionalsourcesofhumaninfection某些寄生虫既可寄生人体，也可寄生某些脊椎动物，并可传播给人,在流行病学称这些动物为保虫宿主。Domesticorwildanimalsthatharborstheadultorsexualstageof