中国文化英文PPT之京剧Peking-opera

PekingOperaIsPekingOperaanythinglikewesternopera?Theyhaveverylittleincommon.PekingOperaismuchmorethanmereopera.PekingOperacombinesmanyartforms.Apartfromsingingandrecitation,itincludestraditionalChinesemusic,poetry,dancing,pantomime,elaboratecostumesandmake-up,acrobaticsandmartialarts.Thedemandsfromvariousartformscallforversatilityonthepartoftheperformers.Anall-roundtop-notchPekingOperaperformer,mustbegood-lookingorattractivewhenappearinginmake-up,ofpleasingphysicalproportions,withapairofexpressiveeyesandarichvarietyoffacialexpressions.Whetherofthewarriortypeornot,anactormustundergoyearsoffundamentaltraininginmartialskillssothateverymovementonthestageisgracefullyandpreciselyexecutedandeveryposeassumedattheendofamovementmakestheperformerresembleapieceofwell-executedsculpture,therebyincreasingtheaestheticvalueoftheacting.ThefoundationofPekingoperaPekingOpera,alsoknownasPingOperaorCapitalOpera,isChina’smostpopularkindoftraditionalopera,circulatinginBeijing(asthecenter)andtherestofthecountry.BackinYear55duringthereignofQianlongofQingDynasty,thefourAnhuitroupesofSanqing（三庆）,Sixi（四喜）,Chuntai（春台）andHechun（春四）thatwereoriginallyperformingdowninthesouthmovedtoBeijinggradually.TheyhadcooperatedwiththeHantuneartistsfromHubeiandaccommodatedpartoftheprogramsofKunOperaandQinTuneaswellastheirstyleswhileassimilatingtheelementsoflocalfolktunesbeforeitfinallybecametoday’sPekingOperathroughconstantcommunicationandintegration.Intermsofliterature,performance,musicandstagearts,PekingOperahasasetofstandardizedproceduresofperformance.TheperformanceinliteratureWithhistoricalstoriesasthemaincontentforperformance,PekingOperahasabout1,300programs,withthoseoftenonplaybeingthreetofourhundred.Thosethataremostpopularamonghouseholdsinclude:《群英会》《打渔杀家》《空城计》《贵妃醉酒》《三岔口》《霸王别姬》《四郎探母》《玉堂春》《长坂坡》《将相和》《穆桂英挂帅》《杨门女将》《海瑞罢官》《曹操与杨修》《沙家浜》《红灯记》《智取威虎山》《骆驼祥子》《穆桂英挂帅》剧本描写北宋时，西夏犯境。辞朝隐居的佘太君闻讯，遣曾孙杨文广、曾孙女杨金花去汴京探听。杨文广在校场比武,刀劈兵部尚书王强之子王伦,夺得帅印归来。穆桂英深感朝廷刻薄寡恩，不愿再为它效力。佘太君劝她以抵御西夏侵扰为重，穆桂英乃挂帅出征。集中塑造了穆桂英的英雄形象。《打渔杀家》原剧讲梁山英雄阮小七（易名萧恩）获得一颗宝珠，顶在头上入水，可以避水开路。后来成为萧恩的女儿萧桂英订亲的信物。萧恩与众兄弟分手后，带女儿在江边打鱼为生。遇故人李俊携友倪荣来访，同饮舟中。因天旱水浅，打不上鱼，欠下了乡宦丁士燮的渔税，丁自燮催讨渔税，李、倪斥之，得罪了丁府。丁府派教师爷率家丁锁拿萧恩，萧恩忍无可忍，将众人打得落花流水。萧恩愤恨之下大发英雄神威，带着女儿黑夜过江，以献宝珠为名，夜入丁府，杀了渔霸全家。图：梅兰芳饰萧桂英、周信芳饰萧恩《群英会》剧情：取材于《三国演义》，曹操率军南下攻吴，周瑜故友蒋干过江访瑜，诱蒋盗去假造之曹营水军都督蔡瑁、张允之反书。蒋干自以为聪明，曹操果中计，怒斩蔡、张二人。《空城计》三国时期，魏国派司马懿挂帅进攻蜀国街亭，诸葛亮派马谡驻守失败。司马懿率兵乘胜直逼西城，诸葛亮无兵迎敌，但沉着镇定，大开城门，自己在城楼上弹琴唱曲。司马懿怀疑设有埋伏，引兵退去。等得知西城是空城回去再战，赵云赶回解围，最终大胜司马懿。《沙家浜》抗战时期，江南新四军浴血抗日，某部指导员郭建光带领十八名新四军伤病员在沙家浜养伤，“忠义救国军”胡传魁、刁德一假意抗战暗投日寇，地下共产党员阿庆嫂依靠以沙奶奶为代表的进步抗日群众，巧妙掩护了新四军安全伤愈归队，最终消灭了盘踞在沙家浜的敌顽武装，解放了江南大好河山。TheperformanceinmusicItstuneisactuallyavariationofclapperstyle板式变化体戏曲音乐的一种结构形式。它以一对上、下乐句为基础，在变奏中突出节拍、节奏变化的作用，以各种不同的板式（如三眼板、一眼板、流水板、散板等）的联结和变化，作为构成整场戏或整出戏音乐陈述的基本手段，以表现各种不同的戏剧情绪。TheaccompanimentofPekingOperacomesinQuietSettingandDynamicSetting:fortheQuietSetting,theHuqinfiddle胡琴(Jinghufiddle京胡),PekingErhu京二胡,Yuezither月琴,Xianzi弦子,flute笛子andtrumpet唢呐,withHuqinfiddleasthemaininstrument;fortheDynamicSetting,drumclappersaremainlyusedbesidesLittlegongandBigGongascomplement.TherolesofPekingOperaTherolesofPekingOperafallinto:Sheng(male)生Dan(female)旦Jing(paintedface)净Chou(clown)丑Therearefurtherclassificationsamongeachrole:e.g.intheroleofDan(female):Qingyi(BlackGown)青衣Huadan(YoungLady)花旦Daomadan(swordplayandhorseride)刀马旦Wudan(swordplay)武旦Laodan(oldfemale)老旦TheroleofshengTheroleofdanTheroleofjing主要扮演性格、品质或相貌不同于一般、有突出特征的男性人物，俗称花脸张飞关羽包拯TheroleofchouTheschoolsandfamousperformersofPekingOperaPekingOperaisdividedintoTheBeijingSchoolandTheShanghaiSchoolwithmanynotedperformersatvariousstagessuchas:清末的程长庚、余三胜、张二奎、梅巧玲、谭鑫培、孙菊仙、汪桂芬、刘鸿声、田桂凤、余紫云、陈德霖、王瑶卿等.民国年间的余叔岩、言菊朋、高庆奎、马连良、杨宝森、梅兰芳、程砚秋、荀慧生、尚小云、周信芳、金少山等.ThefourgreatmastersofPekingOpera王瑶卿给四大名旦每人一个字的评价，直接反映各人特色。梅兰芳——“样”(扮相秀美，“讨老婆要像梅兰芳，生儿子要像周信芳”)程砚秋——“唱”(注重四声，追求“声、情、美、水”的高度结合)荀慧生——“浪”(功底深厚，嗓音宽亮，唱腔刚劲)尚小云——“棒”(唱腔中融入了河北梆子的唱腔、唱法、表演的精华)MasterMeiLanfang梅兰芳（1894年-1961年），1894年生于北京，他出生于京剧世家。10岁登台在北京广和楼演出《天仙配》，工花旦。1908年搭喜连成班。1911年北京各界举行京剧赏评选活动，张贴菊榜，梅兰芳名列第三名探花。代表作品：《五花洞》《贵妃醉酒》《嫦娥奔月》《霸王别姬》《黛玉葬花》等BeijingOperaClassic:TheDrunkenBeauty(ARepresentativePlayoftheMeiSchool)TheDrunkenBeautytellsastoryasfollows:YangGuifei,concubineoftheEmperorLiLongjioftheTangDynasty,madeanappointmentwiththeemperoronedaytoattendabanquetattheHundred-FlowerPavilion,buthedidn’tshowupbecausehehadgonetoanother’sconcubine’splace–theWestPalace.Humiliatedandirritated,YangGuifeifeltchokedbysadness.Shedrankheavily,orderingGaoLishiandPeiLishitoreplenishthecuptimeandtimeagainuntilshegotdrunk.Disappointed,shefinallyreturnedtoherpalace.TouchedupbyMeiLanfang,theplaybecameoneoftheclassicsoftheMeiSchool.《贵妃醉酒》剧照《霸王别姬》剧照《五花洞》剧情：宋代，五大郎与潘金莲夫妻俩因年月不好，离家去寻兄弟武松。蜈蚣、蝎子、壁虎、蛤蟆、毒蛇等在五花洞修炼成精，因恨仙道张天师与它们作对，前往京都作乱。路遇武大郎携妻潘金莲寻访其弟武松，见二人一矮丑、一娇媚，相映成趣，遂幻化成二人模样相戏。真假武大郎、潘金莲相貌言语一般无二，难辨真伪，乃互相扭至阳谷县衙申告。知县吴大炮难以判识，五毒精又变出一假知县与之哄闹。恰逢包拯（另有版本为张天师）巡视至此，以照妖镜辨出真伪，又请来天兵天将降服了众妖。ThefacialpatternsofPekingOpera由于每个历史人物或某一种类型的人物都有一种大概的谱式，就像唱歌、奏乐都要按照乐谱一样，所以称为“脸谱”，约定俗成，渐成定例。脸谱对于不同的行当，情况不一。“生”、“旦”面部化妆简单，略施脂粉，叫“俊扮”、“素面”、“洁面”。而“净行”与“