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Unit8ConversationAnalysis会话分析ThePurposeofConversationAnalysisTostudythesequentialstructureofnaturalconversation,findouttheunderlyingprinciplesoforganization,andexplainthecoherenceofconversation.Contents8.1Turn-takinginconversation8.2Adjacencypairs8.3Presequences8.4Conversationalrepairs8.1Turn-takinginConversationFloor发言机会:therighttospeak;onecentralbasisonwhichweexplicitlyorimplicitlyorganizeourconversationTurn话轮:theopportunitytohavetheflooratsomepointduringaconversationTurn-taking话轮转换:thephenomenonthatthereisaconstantchangeofspeakerinconversation8.1Turn-takinginConversationThereareoverlapsinconversationwheretwoormoreparticipantstrytoseizetheflooratthesametime:Readtheexampleonp.1068.1Turn-takinginConversationOninformaloccasionswheretheturnofspeakingisnotpreset,thereareseveralpossibilitiesregardingwhospeaksnext:Checkp.1068.2AdjacencyPairs毗邻对Apairofturnsoccurringsequentiallytoperformtwocloselyrelatedactslikerequest-refusalSchegloffandSack(1973)characterizeanadjacencypairasasequenceoftwoutterancesthatare:(p.106)8.2AdjacencyPairs毗邻对Preferencestructure优选结构Somefirstpartsinanadjacencypairlikegreetingsaregenerallyfollowedbyoneandthesamesecondparts.However,someotherfirstpartslikerequestsandinvitationsmayallowofbothpositiveandnegativesecondparts.Interpersonallyspeaking,positivesecondpartsareexpectedorpreferred.Structurallyspeaking,theyarealsomorelikelytooccurthannegativeones.SomepreferencestructuresonP.1078.2AdjacencyPairs毗邻对ThenotionofpreferenceisNOTintendedasapsychologicalclaimaboutthespeaker’sorhearer’swishes,butaLABELforastructuralphenomenonsimilartothelinguisticconceptofmarkedness.Preferredstructure:unmarkeddispreferredstructure:marked8.2AdjacencyPairs毗邻对Preferredpart:structurallysimpleDispreferredpart:structurallycomplextheuseofdelays,prefaces,disarmers,accountsorexcuses,declinationcomponent,andthelike.8.2AdjacencyPairs毗邻对在日常会话中依次毗连的话语会形成毗连对(adjacencypair),前一项言语行为会引起后一项言语行为来与之匹配,如请求/接受、提问/应答等,且后一种言语行为有优选(preferred)和次选(dispreferred)之分。何兆熊等.Pragmatics[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2011.8.3Presequences预示语列Whenwemakearequestordosomething,wemayuseoneturnortwotopavetheway.Afterthisinitialexchangehasbeenconcluded,wemaydecidewhethertoproceedwiththerequest.Technically,thesequencesresultingfromthepreliminaryexchangearecalledpresequences.(exampleonp.108)Presequencesareindependentoftheact-orientedsequencesinstructureandareoftencomposedofaquestion-answerpair.Theirmainfunctionistomakesurewhethertherequestisfeasiblefromthepointoftheaddressee.8.4ConversationalRepairs会话修正RepairapparatusConversationalrepairs(findthedefinitiononp.108inthetextbook)Conversationalcorrections8.4ConversationalRepairs会话修正Repairsmaybeinitiatedbyspeakersthemselvesorhearers.(examplesonp.108-109)8.4ConversationalRepairs会话修正Classificationofconversationalrepairs:intermsoftheinitiatorandtherepairerintermsofwhatisrepairedSelf-initiatedself-repairispreferred.8.4ConversationalRepairs会话修正自我启动自我修正自我启动他者修正他者启动自我修正他者启动他者修正参见钟兰凤、葛琴,2014,情景剧《生活大爆炸》中的会话修正机制[J]。外语研究(5):18-24。
本文标题:8 Conversation analysis会话分析
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