高中英语语法_-_构词法

GrammarWordFormationWherethereisawill,thereisaway.有志者，事竟成。—ThomasEdisonWordFormation构词法合成法(Compounding)派生法(Derivation)转化法(Conversion)I.CompoundingWordsthatcontaintwoormorepartsarereferredtoascompounds.Mostofcompoundsareformedwithexistingwords.1.合成名词(Nouncompounds)spaceshipclassroomgirlfriendmooncakepostmanchairmanblackboardwhiteboardgreenhousesuperstar⑴n.+n.=n.⑵adj.+n.=n.2.合成形容词(Adjectivecompounds)warm-heartedcold-bloodedpart-timebroad-mindedman-madehandmadegood-lookingⅡ.ConversionManywordshavemorethanonepartofspeech.Anouncanbecomeverbeasilyandaverbcanbeusedasanoun.Suchinstancesarecalledconversion.Ithasagoodtaste.Ittastesverygood.bookn.书籍v.记载Thisbookisverygood.Heisbookingthehistory.tasten.味道v.尝起来recordn.记录v.记录Hebroketherecord.Heliestorecordsomethingwhilereadingabook.cleanadj.干净v.清扫Pleasekeeptidyandclean.Youhavetocleantheblackboardafterclass.III.Derivation(Affixation)Derivationisanotherwayofwordformation,whichisdonebyaddingaffixestootherwords.1.前缀（Prefixation）一般来说,前缀改变一个词的意义,而不改变其词性。⑴否定前缀①un+adj.unhappyunknownunusualuntrueunimportantunableunkind②un+adv.unusuallyunexpectedlyunhappilyundoubtedly③un+v.uncoveruntieunlock④im+adj.impossibleimpoliteimpatient⑤in+adj.incorrectincompleteinvisible⑥ir+adj.irregularirreplaceable⑦mis+v.misreadmisunderstand⑧dis+v.dislikedisagreedisappear⑨dis+adj.dishonestdiscouraged⑵表示空间位置关系的前缀a-表示在……之上；处于……的状态aheadabroadasidefore-在……前面foreheadforearmin-,im-向……内，在……内insideincludeimportout-向外outsideoutdoorsoutlookover-在上面的，在外的overheadovercoatpre-在……之前prewarprepayunder-在……之下undergroundunderlineup-向上upwardupstairstele-远telephonetelevision(3)表示时间序列关系的前缀fore-在前，预先forewordforetellforesightmid-中间midnightmid-autumnmid-summerpost-在……之后postwarpostliberationre-重复retellrebuildrewriteover-超过overeatoverpasssuper-极，超supermarketsupermansuperstar(4)一些表示特殊意义的前缀auto-自动automobileautobicyclemicro-微小microscopemicrocomputermini-小型minibusminiskirtminimarketen-使……enrichenlargeenable2.后缀(Suffixation)⑴表示“……的人”的后缀①-er……的人v.+erreaderworkerreporterleaderwaiterdesignerpaintern.+ervillagerprisonerfarmeradj.+erwesternereasternersouthernernortherner②-or……的人actorgovernorvisitor③-ress表示女性，雌性actresswaitress④-ese……人ChineseJapanese⑤-an……人AmericanAustralianCanadian⑥-ist……家，者artistnovelistviolinistpianist(2)名词后缀①v.+mentmovementgovernmentjudgment②v.+ion/sion/tion/ationactionpronunciationinvitationdecisionvisionintention③n.+shipfriendshipmembershiprelationship④adj.+nesskindnessillnesshappiness⑶形容词的后缀-able/ibleenjoyablehorribleterrible-alnaturalinternational-fulcarefulhopefulhelpfulusefulsuccessful-lesscarelesshopelessuselesshomeless-lyfriendlymonthlylonely-ycloudyluckyhillyhealthynoisy-ous/iousdangerousserious-edexcitedshockedfrightenedinterested-ingsurprisingexcitinginterestingshocking⑷副词的后缀-lysuddenlyquicklyslowlycertainly-ward/wardsbackwardsforwardsdownwardsnorthwardsouthwardeastward⑸动词的后缀adj./n.+endeependarkensharpen-fy使~化beautifysimplify-izerealizememorize⑹数词的后缀-teenthirteenfifteennineteenfourteen-tytwentythirtyfiftyninety-theleventhtwelfthfourtheighthninthhundredththousandth