Chinese-Poetry-中国诗歌介绍-英文版

•ClassicalChinesepoetry中国古典诗歌•ModernChinesepoetry中国现代诗歌ClassicalChinesepoetry•SincetheburningofbooksbyQinShihuang,theearliestextantanthologiesaretheShiJingandChuCi,datingtotheSpringandAutumnPeriodandtheWarringStatesPeriod,respectively.•ShiJing(诗经ClassicofPoetry)wasthefirstmajorsurvivingcollectionofChinesepoems,collectingbotharistocraticpoems(Odes)andmorerusticpoetry,probablyderivedfromfolksongs(Songs).Theyaremostlycomposedoffour-character(四言)lines.•Asecond,morelyricalandromanticanthologywasChuCi(楚辞SongsofChu),madeupprimarilyofpoemsascribedtoQuYuanandhisfollowerSongYu.Thesepoemsarecomposedoflinesofirregularlengths,inthestyleprevalentinthestateofChu.Beginningsofthetradition:关关雎鸠，在河之洲。窈窕淑女，君子好逑。参差荇菜，左右流之。窈窕淑女，寤寐求之。求之不得，寤寐思服。悠哉悠哉，辗转反侧。参差荇菜，左右采之。窈窕淑女，琴瑟友之。参差荇菜，左右毛之。窈窕淑女，钟鼓乐之。关雎ClassicalChinesepoetry中国古典诗歌ShiCi（Song）“ancient-style”gushipoetry（古体诗）唐以前诗歌及唐以后诗人仿作“recent-style”jintishipoetry（近体诗）形成于唐代ChineseSanqupoetry(散曲)Yuanopera(元杂剧）Qu（Yuan）小令（五十八字以内）中调（五十九字至九十字）长调（九十一字以上）ClassicalChinesepoetry古体诗四言古诗(出现最早的是《诗经》，另一代表是曹操诗)杂言诗（可归入七言古诗）《登幽州台歌》七言古诗（成熟于唐代，简称七古）五言古诗（成熟于汉代，简称五古）ClassicalChinesepoetry近体诗绝句律诗五言绝句（五绝）《江雪》七言绝句（七绝）《早发白帝城》五言律诗（五律）《春望》七言律诗（七律）《闻官军收河南河北》排律（八句以上的律诗）Poetryofparticular(dynastic)periods:ClassicalChinesepoetry•Hanpoetry•Jian'anpoetry•SixDynastiespoetry•Tangpoetry•Songpoetry•YuanpoetryClassicalChinesepoetry•duringtheHanDynasty,afolk-songstyleofpoetrybecamepopular,knownasYuefu(乐府)“MusicBureau”poems,sonamedbecauseofthegovernment‘sroleincollectingsuchpoems,althoughintimesomepoetsbegancomposingoriginalworksinYuefustyle.ManyYuefupoemsarecomposedoffive-character(五言)orseven-character(七言)lines,incontrasttothefour-characterlinesofearliertimes.AcharacteristicformofHanDynastyliteratureistheFu（赋）.Hanpoetry：ClassicalChinesepoetryTheFourMajorPoetofHanfu：SimaXiangruYangXiongZhangHengBanGuClassicalChinesepoetryJian'anpoetry：•Jian’anpoetyreferstothosepoeticmovementsoccurringduringthefinalyearsofthefailingHanDynastyandcontinuingtheirdevelopmentintothebeginningoftheSixDynastiesperiod.•TypicalpoetsofthisperiodareCaoCao,CaoPi,CaoZhi东临碣石，以观沧海。水何澹澹，山岛竦峙。树木丛生，百草丰茂。秋风萧瑟，洪波涌起。日月之行，若出其中；星汉灿烂，若出其里。幸甚至哉！歌以咏志。观沧海ClassicalChinesepoetry•TheSixDynastieseracoversthreemainperiods:theThreeKingdoms(220–280),JinDynasty(265–420),andSouthernandNorthernDynasties(420–589).•Thegreatfieldsandgardenpoet,TaoYuanming,thegreatandhighlypersonalpoetwhowasnotedforspeakinginhisownvoiceratherthanapersonaoranonymously.SixDynastiespoetry：结庐在人境，而无车马喧。问君何能尔，心远地自偏。采菊东篱下，悠然见南山。山气日夕佳，飞鸟相与还。此中有真意，欲辨已忘言。《饮酒》其五ClassicalChinesepoetry•AhighpointofclassicalChinesepoetryoccurredduringtheTangperiod(618-907);•Poetrywasintegratedintoalmosteveryaspectoftheprofessionalandsociallifeoftheliterateclass,includingbecomingpartoftheImperialexaminationstakenbyanyonewantingagovernmentpost;•Overtime,someTangpoetrybecamemorerealistic,morenarrativeandmorecriticalofsocialnorms;•ThepoetryoftheTangDynastyremainsinfluentialtoday.Tangpoetry：ClassicalChinesepoetryEarlyTang:FourHeroesofEarlyTangYangJiongWangBoLuZhaolinLuoBinwangClassicalChinesepoetry•Zhangjiuling,HeZhizhang•Themostfamous:LiBai,DuFu(Li-Du)•The“FieldsandGardensPoetsGroup”(田园诗派)：MengHaoran,WangWei•The“BordersandFrontierFortressPoetsGroup”(田园诗派)：GaoShi，CenCen，WangChangling,WangZhihuan,CuiHaoHighTang:ClassicalChinesepoetry•TheLandscapeStylePoem(山水诗)：LiuChangqing,WeiYingwu•BaiJuyi,HanYu,MengJiao,LiuYusi,LiuZongyuan,LiHeMiddleTang:LateTang:•DuMu，LiShangyin（LittleLi-Du）•WenTingyun,WeiZhuangClassicalChinesepoetry•BytheSongDynasty(960-1279),anotherformofpoetry,theCi(词)—newlyricswrittenaccordingtothesetrhythmsofexistingtunes.•EachcipoemislabeledTothetuneof[TuneName](调寄[词牌])andfitsthemeterandrhymeofthetune.•Thetitlesofcipoemsarenotnecessarilyrelatedtotheirsubjectmatter,andmanypoemsmayshareatitle.•Intermsoftheircontent,Cipoetrymostoftenexpressedfeelingsofdesire.Songpoetry：ClassicalChinesepoetryOuYangxiuWangAnshiSushiSuZheLiuYongLiQingzhaoZhouBangyanYanShuHuangTingjianTheNorthernSongDynasty:ClassicalChinesepoetryTheSouthernSongDynasty:LuYouJiangKui（姜夔）XinQijiClassicalChinesepoetry•MajordevelopmentsofpoetryduringtheYuanDynasty(1271–1368)includedthedevelopmentoftypesofpoetrywrittentofixed-tonepatterns,suchasfortheYuanopera（元杂剧）librettos.•AftertheSongDynasty,thesetrhythmsoftheCicametobereflectedintheset-rhythmpiecesofChineseSanqupoetry(散曲),afreerformbasedonnewpopularsongsanddramaticarias,thatdevelopedandlastedintotheMingDynasty(14th-17thcenturies).Yuanpoetry：ClassicalChinesepoetryFourplaywrightsofYuanPoetry：GuangHanqingMaZhiyuanBaPuZhengGuangzu《倩女离魂》《窦娥冤》《天净沙·秋思》《青衫泪》《唐明皇秋夜梧桐雨》ClassicalChinesepoetryzhangYanghao《西厢记》《山坡羊·潼关怀古》WangShifuClassicalChinesepoetry诗经—楚辞—乐府—赋—唐诗—宋词—元曲总体顺序总结ModernChinesepoetry•ModernChinesepoems(newpoetry新诗)usuallydonotfollowanyprescribedpattern.•PoetrywasrevolutionizedaftertheMayFourthMovementwhenwriterstrytousevernacularstylesclosertowhatwasbeingspoken(baihua)ratherthanpreviouslyprescribedforms.ModernChinesepoetry•Early20th-centurypoetslikeXuZhimo,GuoMoruoandWenYiduosoughttobreakChinesepoetryfrompastconventionsbyado