Chapter-2 .A Brief Introduction to the history of

ABriefIntroductiontotheHistoryofUKTheearlysettlersandtheCeltsTheRomanInvasion&OccupationTheAnglo-SaxonInvasionTheNormanConquestandtheMiddleAgesThe14th-15thcenturyThe16thcenturyThe17thcenturyThe18thcenturyThe19thcenturyThe20thcenturyTheearlysettlersandtheCeltsThefirstknownsettlerofBritainistheIberians(伊比利亚)fromMediterraneanareas.TheyarebelievedtobuiltthesplendidandfamousscenerytheStonehenge(大石阵)locatedinScotlandin5,000B.C.ThefirstCeltictribecametoBritaininabout750B.C.AndthesecondwasBrython(Briton),whosenameisbelievedtobetheoriginofBritain.TheCeltictribesaretheancestorsoftheinhabitantsinHighlandScots,theIrishandtheWales,andtheirlanguagearethebasisofbothGaelic(盖尔特语）(stillusedinpartofScottishHighlands)andWelsh(stillusedinWales)TheStonehenge（大石阵）-1TheStonehenge（大石阵）-2TheStonehengeissurelyBritain’sgreatestnationalicon(标志).Itsymbolizingmystery,powerandendurance.ItnowbecomesthehottesttouristspotforthepeopleinUKandallaroundtheworld.TheRomanInvasion&OccupationBetween55B.C.and54B.C.,BritainwasinvadedbytheRomangeneralJuliusCaesartwice.In43A.D.theromantroopsof40,000menledbytheEmperorClaudiusconqueredtheEnglandandoccupiedEnglandandWalesfornearly400years.TheromantroopsmetstrongresistanceinScotland.Astonefortification(防御工事)wasbuiltbytheRomansalongtheEngland–Scotlandboundarytopreventmilitaryraids(攻击)fromScotland.ItistheHadrian’sWall(哈德良长城)TheHadrian’sWallTheRomanemperorHadriancametoEnglandin122A.D.Thewallwasbuiltfollowedhisorders.TheHadrian’swallwasmadeaUNESCOWorldHeritagein1987.ItisthemostimportantmonumentbuiltbytheRomansinBritain.TheRomanarmypulledoutBritainin410A.D.TheAnglo-SaxonInvasion(446-871)Inthemid-5th.century,anewwaveofinvaders:Jutes,SaxonsandAnglescametoBritain.Ironically,thefirstarrivals(Jutes)wereinvitedbyaBritishKingtodefendhiskingdomagainstScots.TheAngles,whoalsocamefromnorthernGermanyandgavetheirnametoEnglishpeople.ThesethreetribesspokealanguagewecallOldEnglishKingArthur(亚瑟王），agreatleader,withRoman-Britishorigin,foughtagainsttheSaxons据说，这个位于康沃尔Tingtagel的城堡就是亚瑟王的主要根据地。TheNormanConquestandtheMiddleAges（1066-1485）TheBattleofHastingsThebattletookplaceon14th.October,1066.TheleaderofEnglandarmywasGeneralHarold,andtheFrenchGeneralwasWilliam.WilliamandHaroldwerebothclaimedtobethekingofEngland.WhenWilliamheardthenewsofHarold’scoronation(加冕),hegotveryangry.BecausetheformerkingofEnglandEdwardpromisedthecrown（王位）tohimandHaroldhadpromisedtohelphimbecomekingofEngland.On14th.October,1066,thetwoarmiesmet9milesfromHastings.Harold’sforcesweremadeupofgentlemenofcountryside,half-armedandhadnopreviousexperienceoffightingagainstcavalry(骑兵).William’sforceswerefinestfightinghorsemen.Haroldwaskilledbyanarrowshotthroughhisrighteye.AndWilliamenteredLondon.OntheChristmasDayof1066,hebecamethekingofEnglandinWestminsterAbbey.WilliamtheconquerorThehistoricalinfluenceoftheNormanEmpireANormanaristocracyruledalargelySaxonandEnglish-speakingpopulation,andsetupthefeudalisminEngland.RelationswiththeContinentwereopenedFrenchbecametheofficiallanguageofEnglanduntil14th.Century.government,administer,crownempire,royal,authority,majesty,council,parliament,bourgeois,chef,soup,mutton,pork,beef,etiquette,etc.＊itisthelegendofRobinHood(罗宾汉),theSaxonnoblemanoppressedbytheNormanswho,withhis“merryman”hidintheforestofSherwoodinthenorthmidlandsofEngland,wentouttorobtherichtogivetothepoor.RobinHood–theworld’sbestlovedoutlawThe14th-15thcenturyTheHundredYearWar(1337-1453)Francebecamethebattlefieldofthewar,andtheFrenchbecamethelanguageoftheenemy.WhenEdwardⅢclaimedtheFrenchcrownbyhismotherIsabella,theFrenchrefusedtorecognize.EdwardⅢdeclaredthewarAtfirst,theEnglishbowmendefeatedtheheavilyarmedFrenchknights,andalmostallofFrenchlandfellintoEnglishhands.Eventually,partlythroughtheinspirationofthespiritofJoanofArc(圣女贞德),partlybecausetheuseofanewweapon-gun,theFrenchdrovetheEnglishoutoftheirnation.Theconsequenceofthewarisawin-winforbothEnglandandFrance.England:hadaseparateEnglishnationidentity.EnglishfinallytooktheplaceofFrenchinallclassesofsocietyFrance:tooktheirlandback.TheBlackDeathBlackdeathwasthemodernnamegivetothedeadlybubonicplague(淋巴腺鼠疫).ItsweptthroughEnglandthesummerof1348withoutwarningand,mostimportantlywithoutanycure.Itkilledbetween½or1/3ofthepopulationofEngland.TheWarofRoses(1455-1485)Inthelate1400'stheHouseofYorkfoughttheHouseofLancasterfortheEnglishcrown.BecauseLancaster'sheraldicbadgewasaredroseandYork'swasawhiterose,thelongconflictcametobeknownastheWarsoftheRoses(1455-1485).Atlast,HenryTudoroftheLancasterFamilymarriedintotheHouseofYork.Thispersonalunionendedtheconflict,andanewfamousdynasty,theTudors(都泽王朝),emerged.Engels:“ItwasluckyforEngland,thatoldfeudalbaronskilledoneanotherinthewarofRosesasthebeginningofthefoundationoftheEnglishnation.”The16thcentury(transitionfromMiddleAgetoModernPeriod)Renaissance(文艺复兴):aFrenchword,whichmeans“rebirth”.Itsignifiedthedisruptionoffeudalsystemandbecameamovementagainstfeudalismandhierarchy.ItemphasizedtheHumanismReligiousreformation:KingHenryⅧwantedtodivorcehisfirstwifeCatherine,who