Walt Whitman 惠特曼 英文PPT

WaltWhitman(1819–1892)主讲：17制作：16introduction•anAmericanpoet,essayist,journalist,andhumanist•apartofthetransitionbetweenTranscendentalismandRealism•ThefatheroffreeverseLIFE•Bornintoaworking-classfamily•poor＆semiliterate(半文盲)parents,only5-6yearsformaleducation,self-educated.•Workasanofficeboy,printingworker,schoolteacher,free-lancewriter.•Supportingslaveryabolishing•Severedasvolunteernurseduringcivilwar•UnmarriedallhislifeWhitman’sPoetryFranklinEvans(1842)《弗兰克林•埃文斯》MemorandaDuringtheWar《战争回忆录》SpecimenDays(1882)《典型的日子》Majorworks•LeavesofGrass草叶集•Drum-Taps桴鼓集•SongofMyself自我之歌•Isitandlookout坐观世间•Ocaptain,mycaption•Whenlilacslastinthedooryardbloom’d最近紫丁香在庭院开放的时候•IhearAmericansingingsLeavesofGrassWherethereisearth,wherethereiswater,thereisgrass.LeavesofGrass•Firstpublishedin1855withonly12poems•9editionsandlasteditionincludesmorethan400poems•writteninanewkindofversificationcalledfreeverse.•Celebratestheidealsofequality,democracy,thedignity,self-reliantspiritandjoyofcommonpeople•Grass—themostcommonthingwiththegreatestvitality,asacommonofrisingAmericanThetitle“LeavesofGrass”1.AsymbolofWhitman’spoems2.AmanifestationofWhitman’sdemocraticideas3.AsymbolofnewAmericanswiththeirAmericanspiritReceptionofLeavesofGrass•Receivedharshcriticismbecauseofbreakingthepoeticconventionanditssexualityandexoticandvulgarlanguage•(“noxiousweeds;”“poetryofbarbarism;”“amassofstupidfilth;”Whittierthrowitintofire.)•WelcomedbyEmerson/“themostextraordinarypieceofwitandwisdomthatanAmericanhasyetcontributed.”•Withappearanceofthe5thedition,WhitmanbeganreceivedrecognitioninAmericaandEngland.MajorThemesinHisPoetry•Equalityofthingsandbeings•Divinityofeverything•Multiplicityofnature•Self-reliantspirit•Death,beautyofdeath•ExpansionofAmerica•Brotherhoodandsocialsolidarity(unityofnationsintheworld)•PursuitofloveandhappinessFeaturesofWhitman’spoetry1.Theuseofacertainpronoun“I”2.Twoprinciples•Parallelismorarhymeofthought•Phoneticrecurrence(therepetitionofwordsorphrasesatthebeginningoftheline,inthemiddleorattheend)E.g.Icelebratemyself,andsingmyself,AndwhatIassumeyoushallassume,Foreveryatombelongingtomeasgoodbelongstoyou3.Theadoptof“freeverse”---poetrywithoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme4.Theuseofcolorfulwordsandvividimages(example)IthinkIcouldturnandliveawhilewiththeanimals...我想我可以和这些动物们一起住一段时间theyaresoplacidandself-contained,它们是如此的温和，自给自足Istandandlookatthemsometimeshalfthedaylong.有时候我可以大半天站着观察它们Theydonotsweatandwhineabouttheircondition,他们不出汗，也不抱怨生存条件Theydonotlieawakeinthedarkandweepfortheirsins.晚上他们也不躺下休息，而是为他们的罪过而哭泣TheydonotmakemesickdiscussingtheirdutytoGod他们向上帝陈述自己的职责，这一点都不让人讨厌Notoneisdissatisfied...没有谁是不满意的notoneisdementedwiththemaniaofowningthings,没有谁因为占有欲而发狂Notonekneelstoanother,nortohiskindthatlivedthousandsofyearsago.没有谁向谁屈尊下跪，或是盲目崇拜着他们几年前的祖先Notoneisrespectableorindustriousoverthewholeearth在这片大地上，没有谁是值得尊重或勤劳刻苦的1.Form:52sections,1346lines2.LanguageThispoemiswritteninfreeVerse,andnofixedbeatandrhythm.Thelinesarenotbalanced.ItistheuniqueformofWhitman’spoem.3.styleofwritingInthispoem,thefirstperson“I”isusedthroughoutthewholepoem.ItshowsWhitman’sstrongsenseofselfandself-confidence.Fromthepoem，wecanlearnaboutthemysteryofdeathandbirth.Andfrom“thesmallestsproutshowsthereisreallynodeath”,wecansaythatWhitmanobviouslythinksthatthesoulisthere,andiseternal.Thepoetisaimedatgraspingtheperennialeternallifeoftheuniversewithabrieflife.4.ThemeThepoemrevealsaworldofequality,withoutrankandhierarchy,andcelebratesthedignity,theself-reliantspirit,andthejoyofthecommonman.5.SocialreferenceThispoemwasrefusedbythethensocietybecauseofthechangeintheformoftraditionalpoemsandtheideaaboutsex.Butitgreatlyinfluencedthepoetryworldin20thcenturyinAmerica.6.CommentThispoemiswrittenmainlybasedonWhitman’sownexperienceinthewildvastWestfrontierofAmerica.Whenreadingthispoem,wecaneasilyfeelWhitman’switnessandthatthefreeandcasualwayofpeople’slifecontributesalottothispoem.Weloseourselvesinthebeautifulsceneryofnatureandwearedeeplyimpressedbythepoet’sactiveandpassionateattitude.LiterarySignificance•Hisinnovationsindictionandversification,hisfranknessaboutsex,hisinclusionofthecommonplaceandtheuglyandhiscensureoftheweaknessoftheAmericandemocraticpractice–allhavepavedhiswaytoashareofimmortalityinAmericanliterature.•HeisanepitomeofEmerson’s“AmericanScholar”withhisdemocraticandtranscendentalideas(BothagreethenewlybornAmericaitselfisapoemBoththinkthepoetshouldtakeoverthejobofaminister,aclergyman,theChurch.Bothholdthatartshouldbebasedorganicallyonnature,etc.)•Influencesthe20thcenturyworldliterature:Hisworksispartofwesternculture/manypoetsinFrance,Italy,England,andLatinAmericaareinhisdebt.HispoetryalsoinfluencesmodernAmericanpoetssuchasPound,T.S.Eliot,HartCrane,CarlSandburg.