chapter 4 deep structure of culture上课用

Chapter4TheDeepStructureofCultureContentsⅠ.Worldview1.Religionasaworldview1)Religioussimilarities2)FiveReligiousOrientations2.Acomparisonofworldviews1)Amechanisticview2)AdualisticviewⅡ.Family1.Importance,Functions,andTypes2.CultureandFamilyⅢ.History1.UnitedStates;2.AfricanAmericans;3.Jews;4.Russians;5.Chinese;6.JapaneseRootsofRealityWorldViewFamilyHistoryTherootsofrealityinfluencedbythreeparts:CultureWhyourworldview,family,andculturalhistoryholdsuchaprominentswayoverouraction?First,thethreeinstitutionsofchurch,family,andcommunitycarrythemessagethatmattermosttopeople.Second,theseinstitutionsareimportantbecausetheyendure.Third,thecontentgeneratedbytheseinstitutionsisdeeplyandemotionallyfelt.Finally,thedeepstructureofacultureisimportantbecausetheinstitutionsoffamily,church,andcommunitygiveeachindividualhisorheruniqueidentity.WorldViewisaculture’sorientation.1.ReligionasaworldviewWorldviewisaculture’sorientationtowardGod,humanity,nature,questionsofexistence,theuniverseandcosmos,life,death,sickness,andotherphilosophicalissuesthatinfluencehowitsmembersperceivetheirworld.Religionisthepredominantelementofculturethatgivesusourworldview.Ithasprovidedthepeoplesoftheworldwithadvice,valuesandguidancesinceantiquity.Itisclearthatreligionandcultureareinextricablyentwined.(不可分割地交织在一起)MajorReligionsandMainregionscoveredChristianityPredominantintheWesternworld(Europe,theAmericas,Oceania),Sub-SaharanAfrica,thePhilippines,andSouthKorea.IslamMiddleEast,NorthernAfrica,CentralAsia,SouthAsia,WesternAfrica,MalayArchipelagoinEasternAfrica,BalkanPeninsula,RussiaandChina.HinduismSouthAsia,Bali,Mauritius,Fiji,Guyana,TrinidadandTobago,Suriname,andamongtheoverseasIndiancommunities.BuddhismSouthAsia,EastAsia,SoutheastAsia,andregionsofRussiaJudaismIsraelandJewishdiaspora(meaningmostlyNorthAmerica,SouthAmerica,Europe,andAsia)TaoismandConfucianismEastAsia,Vietnam,SingaporeandMalaysia.ShintoJapanPercentageofreligions•Christianity1.9billionIslam1.1billionHinduism781millionBuddhism324millionSikhism19millionJudaism14millionBaha'ism6.1millionConfucianism5.3millionJainism4.9millionShinto2.8millionPiechartofthereligiousgroupsintheUnitedStatesDate:28October20091.Religionasaworldview1)Religioussimilarities①Sacredwritings“Atthecenterofalltheworld’smainreligionsliesabodyofsacredwritings,reveredbybelievers.”e.g.Bible/Koran/Vedas②AuthorityInnearlyallcases,religiousorientationhaveanauthorityfigurewhoprovidesguidanceandcounsel.e.g.God/Allah/Buddha③TraditionalritualsEveryreligionhasalonglistofritualsthatarenotinstinctiveandthereforeneedtobepassedonfromgenerationtogeneration.e.g.ReceivebaptismandhaveEucharist(圣餐)inChristianity.1.Religionasaworldview1)Religioussimilarities④SpeculationEveryreligionknowsthatallhumanbeingsseekanswerstothegreatmysteriesoflife.Thatis,eachtraditionaddressesquestionsaboutlife,death,suffering,theoriginsoftheuniverse,andcountlessotherevents.⑤Ethics“Religionalwaysincludesanethic.”Itisintriguingthatethicalstandardsarenearlythesameforallcultures.2)FiveReligiousOrientations①ChristianityFounder:JesusSacredwriting:theBibleDominantworldviewcountry:AmericaNumbersofAmericanbelievers:86%oftheU.S.populationChristiandenominations:Protestant(新教),Baptist（浸信会）Methodist（卫理公会）,Lutheran（路德教会）,RomanCatholic（罗马天主教），EasternOrthodoxy东正教,etc.Characteristics:a.AttheheartofChristianityis“initsfounderGodwasmademanifestinthefleshanddweltamongmen.”b.ChristiansbelieveinaGodwhoismanifestintheTrinityoftheFather,theSon,andtheHolySpirit.Christianity•Christianitywasfoundedaround30CEbyJesusChrist,aJew,inwhatisnowIsraelandPalestine.JesustaughtanewvarietyoftheancientJewishreligion,basedonloveratherthanreligiouslaw.ChristiansbelievethatJesusChristwasGod'sownson,andthatherosefromthedeadafterbeingcrucifiedtosavemankind.BirthofJesus•JesuswasbornbyVirginMaryinBethlehem,Israel.•MaryconceivedJesusthroughthepoweroftheHolySpirit.•GodreferstotheHolyTrinity(三位一体).•theFather圣父•theSon圣子•theHolySpirit圣灵GodTheBible,sometimesreferredtoastheHolyBible,isthevariouscollectionsofsacredscriptureofthevariousbranchesofJudaismandChristianity,includingtheOldTestament《旧约全书》andtheNewTestament《新约全书》.TheBible,initsvariouseditions,isthebest-sellingbookinhistory.Cross:symbolofChristianity•Inthefirstandsecondcenturies,ChristianitywasforbiddenbytheRomanEmpire.HistoryofChristianityIn391,theRomanEmperordeclaredthatChristianitywastheofficialreligionofRomanEmpire.HistoryofChristianityChristianityfirstcametoBritaininoraround380CEwhenitbecametheofficialreligionoftheRomanEmpire.TodayChristianityhasthreemainbranches:theRomanCatholicism,theProtestantismandEasternOrthodoxy.Thoughtheysharethesameoriginsandhavemanybeliefsincommon,theyhavedeveloped,throughhistory,differentformsofrituals仪式anddoctrines教义whichhaveledtosomemajordifferencesbetweenthechurches.ChristianityRomanCatholicism罗马天主教EasternOrthodoxy东正教Protestantism新教Reformationinthe16thcentury宗教改革TheGreatSchismoftheEastandWestin1054东西大分裂Protestantism•In1534KingHenryVIIIbrokeawayfromtheRomanCatholicChurchafterthePope教皇refusedhimadivorce.HefoundedtheProtestantChurcho