Chapter 12 The use of English words (2)

Chapter12TheUseofEnglishWords(2)–Metaphor,Metonymy,etc.Figureofspeech•Figureofspeech,rhetoric,locution:Awordthatdepartsfromitsstraightforward,literalmeaning,oftenusedandcraftedforemphasis,freshnessofexpression,orclarity.•Literal:Hefeelssotiredthisevening.Ashetriestowrite,hecanthinkofnothingtosay.•Figurative:Hefeelsastiredasaworn-outshoe.Ashetriestowrite,hismindistotallyinablank.1.Metaphor•Metaphor（暗喻/隐喻）isafigureofspeechinwhichawordorphrasethatoriginallyreferredtoonethingisintentionallyusedtodesignateanother,thusmakinganimplicitcomparison.•Alltheworld'sastage,Andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers;Theyhavetheirexitsandtheirentrances;—WilliamShakespeare,AsYouLikeIt,2/71.1Deadmetaphor1)Recentlyhewaspromotedtobetheheadofthedepartment.2)Thefaceofthecitycanbechangedcompletelyinayear.3)Lookout,theeyeofthetornadoiscomingthisway.4)Shetriestogiveasympatheticeartohiscomplaint.5)Iansweredherinherowntongue.6)Shestayinasmallvillageatthefootofahighmountain.1.2“life”metaphor•IDEASAREPEOPLE•Einstein’stheoryofrelativityreallygavebirthtoanenormousnumberofideasinphysics.•IDEASAREPLANTS•Hismathsteachersplantedtheseedsofthegreatideaswhilehewasstillaschoolboy.•IDEASAREPRODUCTS•Thegreatestphysicianproducedsomenewideasfromhisexperiments.•IDEASARECOMMODITIES•Youshouldpackyourideasneatlyinthewriting.•IDEASARERESOURCES•Don’twasteyourthoughtsonsuchchores.•IDEASAREWEALTH•Heisrichinnewideas,andyoucanaskhimforhelp.•IDEASARECUTTINGINSTRUMENTS•Hisopinioncutsdirectlytothecenterofthematter.•IDEASAREFASHION•Thiskindofideawasoutofdateyearsago.2.Metonymy•Metonymy（转喻）isafigureofspeechinwhichathingorconceptiscallednotbyitsownnamebutratherbythenameofsomethingassociatedinmeaningwiththatthingorconcept.•Themaindishisafriedsteak.•HewasneverseducedbytheglitzandmoneyofHollywood.•PARTforWHOLE•Thecaptainturnedaroundandspoketoallthehandsonthedeck.•WHOLEforPART•Hedroveintothegasstationandfilleduphiscarbyhimself.•CONTAINERforCONTENT•Heisdrunkbecausehehasdrunkupthreebottles.•MATERIALforOBJECT•Theoldladyputonherglassesandbegantoreadthenewspaper.•PRODUCERforPRODUCT•TomrecentlyboughtanewFord.•PLACEforINSTITUTION•Washingtonhasdenouncedtheterroristattack.•PLACEforEVENT•TheWatergatechangedthepoliticalviewsofmanyAmericanpeople.•CONTROLLEDforCONTROLLER•Youhavetowalktoyouroffice.Thebusesareonstrike.3.Euphemism•Euphemism（委婉）isasubstitutionofanagreeableorinoffensiveexpressionfortheonethatmayoffendorsuggestsomethingunpleasant.•Oldsenior•Crippledisableddisadvantaged•Poorinthelow-incomegroup,have-nots,manofmodestmeans,negativesaver•DEATH–tobeasleepinthearmsofGod–tobeatpeace–tobecalledtoGod–tobehomeandfree–todepart–togotoheaven–tohavefoundrest–tohavegonetoabetterplace–toleavethisworld–toreturntodust–tobenolongerwithus–tocloseone’seyes–topassaway–tomakeone’sexit•DEFACATION–toaddsomepowder–topowderone’snose–todoajobforoneself–todoone’sbusiness–togetsomefreshair–togiveoneselfease–togosomewhere–togotoone’sprivateoffice–togotothebathroom/restroom–torelieveoneself–towashone’shands–tocashacheck•PREGNANCY–tobeanticipating/expecting–tobeawkward–toeatfortwo–tobefullofheir–tohaveahumpinthefront–tohaveonewatermelononthevine–tobeinacertain/delicatecondition–tolearnallaboutdiaperfolding–tobeonthenest–topreparethebassinet–torehearselullabies–tobeinabadshape–PG•穷国发展中国家•极穷国最不发达国家•经济萧条时期经济调整时期•亏损、下降负增长•战争冲突•撤退转进•失业待业•秘书行政助理•清洁工环卫工人•老人院幸福院•老年长•棺材寿木•聋听力障碍•胖丰满•秃谢顶•瘸腿脚不好•强奸性侵•色情电影成人电影•妓女（男）性工作者•性行为发生关系•青少年罪犯失足青年•月经例假•涨价调价•怀孕有喜•如厕洗手、方便3.Zeugma•Zeugma（轭式修辞）isafigureofspeechdescribingthejoiningoftwoormorepartsofasentencewithasinglecommonverbornoun.•Hetookhishatandhisleave.•Deliaranthefamilybusinessandthemarathon.•Sheopenedthedoorandhearttothehomelessboy.•[They]coveredthemselveswithdustandglory.(ATS)•Eggsandoathsaresoonbroken.(Englishproverb)4.Personification•Personification（拟人）giveshumanformorfeelingtoanimals,orlifeandpersonalcharacterstoinanimateobjects,ideasandabstractions.•Lifehascheatedtheyoungman.•Theeconomicdepressionhasrobbedusofourprofits.5.Oxymoron•Oxymoron（矛盾修辞）isafigureofspeechthatcombinestwonormallycontradictoryterms.•Deafeningsilence•Seriousjoke•Livingdeath•Theoldmantoldushisbitter-sweetmemories.•逝者如斯，而未尝往也；盈虚者如彼，而卒莫消长也。6.Transferredepithet•Transferredepithet（移就）isafigurativedeviceinwhichapremodifieriscommonlytransferred.•Restlessnight•Shethrewsomecarrotintoaboilingpotofwater.•Wespentaveryhappyeveningtogether.7.Alliteration（头韵）•Ihavestoodstillandstoppedthesoundoffeet.(RobertFrost)•GreatAuntNellieandBrentBernardwhowatchwithwildwonderatthewidewindowasthebeautifulbirdsbegintobiteintothebountifulbirdseed.•PeterPiperpickedapeckofpickledpeppers.8.Hyperbole（夸张）•Thebagweighedaton.•Herandowntheavenue,makinganoiseliketenhorsesatagallop.•Whenawomanlovesamanherbodyhastheodorofathousandappletreesinblossom.9.Pun（双关）•WhycanamanneverstarveintheGreatDesert?Becausehecaneatthesandwhichisthere.•--Whatisthelongestsentenceintheworld?--Prisonforlife.•Inhisleftbrainthereisnothingright;inhisrightbrainthereisnothingleft.10.Parallelism（排比）11.Repetition（反复）12.Antithesis（对照）Itwasthebestofti