Unit One A Brief History of English

UnitOneABriefHistoryofEnglishPaulRoberts《英语简史》Textoutline•1.para.1-4(introductionandstructure)•2.para.5-8(OldEnglish)•3.para.9-14(MiddleEnglish)•4.para.15-19(ModernEnglish)•5.conclusion(para.20)Part1:IntroductionAbriefhistoryofUKandEnglishlanguageanotionof…•NounderstandingoftheEnglishlanguage(动名词结构做主语)canbeverysatisfactorywithoutanotionofthehistoryofthelanguage(介词短语作状语)-ifwedonotknowthehistoryofthelanguage•notion:anideaorbeliefaboutsth.Wordsandexpressions•Butweshallhavetomakedowithjustanotion.•勉强对付，凑合使用•Shall:will(用在第一人称)tohitthehighspots•thehighlights•先挑重要的、明显的或好的事做•i.e.:•Iwon'tdiscusstheentirereport.I'lljusthitthehighspots.•我不从头到尾谈这个报告了,挑重要的来说说Wordsandexpressions…JuteswerealongtimesecuringthemselvesinEnglandSecure:tomakesafe很长一段时间他们为自卫而战Wordsandexpression…orbereducedtoslaveryReduceto（被动语态):tobringorforcesomeoneto(esp,aweakerorlessfavorablestate)使某人陷于较弱或不利的状况i.e.shewasreducedtobeggingforaliving她被迫沦落至乞讨为生。沦为奴隶Wordsandexpressions…werefirmlyestablishedTocausetobefirmlysettledoracceptedinaparticularstateorposition使立足，确立，使被接受Sheestablishedherselfasthemostpowerfulministerinthenewgovernment.她在新政府中使自己成为最有势力的部长Nowthathehasestablishedhimselfintheteam,heisplayingwithmuchmoreconfidence.现在他已确立了在这支球队里的地位。所以打球更加有信心ThethreeperiodsOldEnglish:7thcentury-1100(AngloSaxonperiod)MiddleEnglish:1100to1450(NormanConquest)ModernEnglish1500-thepresentday(Renaissance)Part2:OldEnglish•OldEnglish:7thcentury-1100(AngloSaxonperiodorMedievalperiod)comeintohistory•WhenEnglandcameintohistory…•WhenEnglandbeganitshistory….NorthumbriaAmedievalkingdomofAngles653-954NorthernEnglandandSoutheasternScotlandexercisecontrolover•对……实施控制，控制•TheStateshallexercisemacro-regulationsandcontroloverthetotalpayroll.国家对工资总量实行宏观调控。NorthumbriaWessex:WestSaxonsAngloSaxonkingdom6thcentury-10thcenturySouth-westEnglandAlfredtheGreat（849-899)阿尔弗雷德大帝871to899KingofAnglo-SaxonsDefendedhiskingdomagainstVikingattacksEncouragededucationTheVikingAgeNorthernEuropeandScandinaviaThelate8thcenturyto11thcenturyTradeandwarfareachampionof•~(ofsth)apersonwhofightsfor,orspeaksinsupportof,agroupofpeopleorabelief斗争者；捍卫者；声援者；拥护者••Shewasachampionofthepoorallherlife.•她终身都是穷苦人的卫士。•learning:knowledgeOldEnglish:7thcentury-1100(AngloSaxonperiodorMedievalperiod)WordlevelInfluenceofLatin(RomanEmpire)throughtranslationandinterchangeandwordborrowingsfromNorse(VikingAge)norse•挪威语ComparisonbetweenOldEnglishandModernEnglish•1.OldEnglishwasmorehighlyinflected.•2.MostoftheOldEnglishwordsarenativeEnglish.•(only14percentModernEnglishwordsarenativeEnglish)OldEnglish:Inflection/inflexionGrammaraninflectionisachangeintheformofawordthatshowsitsgrammaticalfunction,forexampleachangethatmakesanounpluralormakesaverbintothepasttense词形的曲折变化inflectiontense(时态):work-workedgrammaticalmood(语气):modality情态动词grammaticalvoice(语态)：主动态与被动态aspect(语法中动词的体):isthewaythataverbgroupshowswhetheranactivityiscontinuing,isrepeated,oriscompleted.Forexample,in'Theywerelaughing',theverbisintheprogressiveaspectandshowsthattheactionwascontinuingperson(人称)：work-worksnumber:apple-applesCaseending变格词尾；词格尾缀Nominativecase主格Genitivecase所有格Dativecase与格（名词作为动词的间接宾语或某些介词的宾语的形式）Accusativecase宾格（具格）Thenominativecase主格marksthesubjectofaverb.Whentheverbisactive,thenominativeisthepersonorthingdoingtheaction(agent);whentheverbispassive,thenominativeisthepersonorthingreceivingtheaction.Theboyatepizza.Thepizzahasbeeneaten.Genitivecase/possessivecase/secondcase所有格thegrammaticalcasethatmarksanounasmodifyinganothernoun.ItoftenmarksanounasbeingthepossessorofanothernounJanet’sheightDativecase与格agrammaticalcasegenerallyusedtoindicatethenountowhichsomethingisgiven,asinGeorgegaveJamieadrink.Accusativecase宾格thegrammaticalcaseusedtomarkthedirectobjectofatransitiveverb.i.e.:Wehavetodohomeworkeveryday.Instrumentalcaseagrammaticalcaseusedtoindicatethatanounistheinstrumentormeansbyorwithwhichthesubjectachievesoraccomplishesanaction.CaseendingsfornounsCommoncase普通格Possessivecase所有格Part3:MiddleEnglish:1100to1450(NormanConquest)NormanConquestBorrowingsfromFrenchpolitesociety•上流社会•Frenchbecamethelanguageofthecourt,thelanguageofthenobility,thelanguageofthepolitesociety.•visitorsofhighstation:vistorsofhighpositionWordsandexpressionsLehautmonde:highsociety上流社会WordsandexpressionsTopepperone’sconversationwithFrenchexpressions…well-bred,elegant,aucourantTocausetoappearrepeatedlyin使连续出现Thereportedwaspepperedwithmistakes这篇报告接连出现许多错误。Well-bred:well-cultivated有教养的，受过良好教育的Wordsandexpressionsaucourant(adj.):beinguptoparticularstandardorlevelespeciallyinbeinguptodateinknowledge,abreastof熟悉现状的，跟上时代潮流的，通晓最新发展的Thebookstaysaucourantbyconstantrevision.这部书由于经常修订，所以一直跟得上时代。TheAmericanswanttobeaucourant,toknowwhatfictionhascriticalprestigeinEurope.美国人想了解现状，想知道欧洲时下声望最高的小说是什么。wordsandexpressions•havesth.atone'scommand:command•掌握，支配Clip•:ModernEnglish1500-thepresentday(Renaissance)EarlyModern:1500-1700,WilliamShakespeare,KingJamesVersionoftheBibleLateModern:1700-present,EnglishDictionarybySamuelJohnson,OxfordEnglishDictionaryWilliamShakespeare1