高级英语 Unit 1 Hit the Nail on the Head

UnitOneTEXTIHittheNailontheHead(恰到好处；一语中的）•I.Pre-readingQuestions•1.SuggestedAnswer(SA):Itmeansexactlyrightinwordsoraction.•2.SA:TheauthoradvisesthattheEnglishstudentsshouldtrytogetthewords,phrasesandsentencescompletelyrightfortheirpurposesintheirwriting.•III.LibraryWork•1.1)GustaveFlaubert(1821–1880),Frenchnovelist,wasassociatedwith,thoughnotrepresentativeof,themovementofnaturalismandknownasoneofthegreatestrealistsof19th-centuryFrance.Hedevotedhislifetolonghoursspentinheavytoiloverhiswork.Hiswritingismarkedbyexactnessandaccuracyofobservation,extremeimpersonalityandobjectivityoftreatment,andprecisionandexpressivenessinstyle,ortheprincipleofthemotjuste.•1.2)Mrs.MalapropisafamouscharacterinSheridan’scomedyTheRivals(1775).Sheisnotedforherblundersintheuseofwords.“Asheadstrong（不受管束的）asanallegory（比方；寓言）(alligator)onthebanksoftheNile”isoneofhergrotesque（荒唐的）misapplications.Shealsorequeststhatnodelusions（欺骗;迷惑）(allusions)tothepastbemade.Shehasgivenusthewordmalapropism（用词错误，尤指误用发音相似而意义全非的词）asanameforsuchmistakes.•2.Hindi（印地语）isaliteraryandofficiallanguageofnorthernIndia.Swahili（斯瓦希里语）isaBantu（班图)languagethatisatradeandgovernmentallanguageovermuchofEastAfricaandintheCongoregion.BantusarepeoplebelongingtoagroupoftribesfoundinequatorialandsouthernAfrica.•IV.OrganizationoftheText•1.Ananalogybetweentheunskilleduseofthehammerandtheimproperchoiceofwords(Paragraph1)•2.Thesignificanceoffindingtherightwords(Paragraphs2---3)•3.Semanticdifferencesbetweenwordshavingthesameroot(Paragraphs4---7)•(1).Example1(humanvs.humane)(Paragraph4)•(2).Example2(anxietyvs.eagerness)(Paragraph5)•(3).Example3(singularityvs.singleness)(Paragraphs6–7)•4.Wrongchoiceofwordscausedbyfailuretorecognizetheirconnotations(Paragraph8)•Examples:imprison,contain,sumup,epitomizeanddistill•5.Stylisticdifferencesbetweensynonyms(Paragraph9)•Examples:inmychildhoodvs.whenIwasachild;lovetowatchvs.lovewatching;dievs.expire;poorvs.inindigentcircum-stances•6.TheabundanceofspecificwordsinEnglishforgeneralnotions(Paragraph10)•7.Conclusion(Paragraph11):theimportanceofagoodcontrolandcommandoverknownwords(Agoodwriterisnotmeasuredbytheextentofhisvocabulary,butbyhisskillinfindingthewordthatwillhitthenailcleanlyonthehead.)•V.KeyPointsoftheText•Paragraph1•knockover:hit…tofall捶翻•drivesomethinghome:force(thenail)intotherightplace;makesomethingunmistakablyclear把（钉子等）打入；使明确无误•E.g.(1).Heslammedthedooranddrovethebolthome.他砰地关上门，把门闩插好。•(2).driveone’spointhome讲清楚自己的观点•(3).avoicethatdriveshomeeachword字字清晰的说话声•(4).Todrivehomehispolicy,thepresidentwrotehissecondletter.为了阐明他的政策，总统又写了第二封信。•(5).YoumustdriveithometoJohnthatwedon’thaveenoughmoney.你必须使约翰明白我们钱确实不够。•deft:effortlesslyskillful熟练的•hititsquarelyonthehead:hittingitdirectlyonthehead.Alsohitthe(right)nailonthehead:(informal)beexactlyrightinwordsoraction正中要害；猜中；说得好，做得好•E.g.:(1).Yourcriticismreallyhitthenailonthehead.你的批评确是一针见血。•(2).Insosaying,youhittherightnailonthehead.你这样说确是击中要害。•squarely:meaning“directly”,maybeusedbothliterallyandfiguratively.•E.g.:(1).Theboxerhithisopponentsquarelyonthejaw.•(2).Wemustfacethedifficultysquarely.Paragraph1•cleanEnglish:Englishthatisexact(precise)andclear•awordthatismoreorlessright:awordthatisalmostright,butnotcompletelyright差不多恰当的词语•Question1:Whichphraseinthisparagraphmarksacontrastbetweenaclumsymanandaskillfulcarpenter?•SA:Ontheotherhand.Paragraph1•Question2:WhichsentenceinParagraph1establishesthelinkbetweenthedrivingofanailandthechoiceofaword?•SA:Sowithlanguage;thegoodcraftsmanwillchoosewordsthatdrivehomehispointfirmlyandexactly.•Paragraph2•Question1:Whatdoestheword“this”inSentence1referto?•SA:Gettingthewordthatiscompletelyrightforthewriter’spurpose.•scrupulouswriters:writerswhoarethorough,exact,andwhopaycarefulattentiontodetails一丝不苟的作家•scrupulous:correcteveninthesmallestdetail;exact;painstaking;meticulous严格认真的,审慎的•unscrupulous:不择手段的,肆无忌惮的,theoppositeofscrupulous,seemstobemoreoftenusedtodescribepeoplewhodonotcareabouthonestyandfairnessingettingwhattheywant,orwhoarecompletelywithoutprinciples.Alsobyhookor(by)crook:towinbyhookorcrookParagraph2•Question2:Doyouagreewiththeauthorthatthereisagreatdealoftruthintheseeminglystupidquestion“HowcanIknowwhatIthinktillIseewhatIsay”?Whyorwhynot?Paragraph2•SA:Yes,Ido.Itsoundsirrationalthatapersondoesnotknowwhathehimselfthinksbeforeheseeswhathesays,but,asamatteroffact,itisquitetruethatunlesswehavefoundtheexactwordstoverbalizeourownthoughtswecanneverbeverysureofwhatourthoughtsare,withoutwords,ourthoughtscannotbedefinedorstatedinaclearandprecisemanner.•Paragraph3•thatconstituteshislimitation:thatmakesorformshisshortcomingorinabilityincertainrespects•conceptvs.conception:•Aconceptisanideaofacategoryorkindthathasbeengeneralizedfromparticularinstances.Thus,theconceptof“cat”arisesformthemanycatswesee.Conceptalsoreferstoawidelyheldideaofwhatsomethingisorshouldbe:Theconceptof•governmentofmanysmallnationshasbeeninfluencedbythelegislativeandjudicialinstitutionsofBritain.•Themeaningofconceptionismuchlikethissecondsenseofconcept,butdiffersinthattheideaofwhatathingisorshouldbeishe