HND商法导论outcome3

Outcome3LegalDifferencesbetweenSoleTraders,PartnershipsandIncorporatedBodiesLegalDifferencesbetweenSoleTraders,PartnershipsandIncorporatedBodiesTypesofBusinessEnterprisePrivatesectorbusinessorganizations（私营经济的组织形式）↓UnincorporatedIncorporatedBusinessesbusiness(非法人企业)（法人制企业）↓↓SoletraderPartnershipPrivatePublic（个人独资企业）（合伙）limitedcompany法人是具有民事权利能力和民事行为能力，依法独立享有民事权利和承担民事义务的组织。法人与自然人不同，是种无生命的社会组织体，法人的实质，是一定社会组织在法律上的人格化。法人：1.SoleTrader个体经营户Soletraderissetupbyoneperson,inwhichthepersonmanagesandownsthebusiness.He/shetakesalltheprofitsbuthastobearallthelosses.Ifthesoletraderbecomesinsolvent（无力偿还的）,hispersonalassets（资产）canbeusedtosatisfythecreditors（债权人）.He∕Shehasunlimitedliability（无限责任）.Tosetupasasoletradersdoesnotrequireanyformalities（手续）.Theyneednotmakeanybusinessinformationpublic.有限责任是与无限责任相对而言的，二者是投资者对其投资企业的债务承担责任的形式。所谓有限责任即有限清偿责任，指投资人仅以自己投入企业的资本对企业债务承担清偿责任，资不抵债的，其多余部分自然免除的责任形式。无限责任是指责任人以自己的全部财产承担的责任，如合伙人对合伙债务承担的责任，投资人对个人独资企业债务的责任等。Advantages:ItisthesimplestformofbusinessorganizationrecognizedbyScotsLaw.Therearenolegalformalities.Easytosetup.Ownertakesthekeydecisions.Personaltouchwithcustomers.ownerkeeptheprofits.Disadvantages:Ifthebusinessfails,thesoletraderissaidtohaveunlimitedliabilityforalldebts.OwnertofindallcapitalDifficultytoexpandbecauseofunlimitedliability.LackofcontinuityPressurefromlargerunits.2.Partnership:合伙企业Partnershipisabusinessoperatedby2ormorepeople,inwhicheachpartnercontributessomethingtothebusiness,whetheritbeaskillormerelycapitalinvestment.ThePartnershipAct1890isthelegislationwhichgovernspartnerships.Accordingtothisact,thepartnershipcanbesuedorsue.Thepartnershipwillfirstlyuseitsownassetstopayitsdebt.Ifitisn’tenough,thepartnerswillbecomepersonallyliableforthedebtsofthepartnership.Solikethesoletrader,thepartnershaveunlimitedliability.Therearenoformallegalrequirementsforsettingupapartnership.Allpartnershaveanequalsayintherunningofthebusinessandindecisionmaking.Theactsofeverypartnerwhodoesanyact,carryingonintheusualway,bindthefirmandtheirpartners.Advantages:greatercontinuitythansoletradermorepossiblecapitalcontributorsthansoletraderlessriskthansoletraderPossibilityofintroducinglimitedliabilityDisadvantages:generallyunlimitedliability.ConflictbetweenpartnersEachpartnerfullyliableforbusinessdebtsMembershiplimited有限公司（CO,.LTD.）又称“有限责任公司”。指由法律规定的一定人数的股东所组成，股东以其出资额为限对公司债务承担责任，公司以其全部资产对其债务承担责任的企业法人。►有限责任公司是企业法人，公司的股东以其出资额对公司承担责任，公司以其全部资产对公司的债务承担责任。►有限责任公司的股东人数是有严格限制的。各国对有限责任公司股东数的规定不尽相同。►有限责任公司是资合公司，但同时具有较强的人合因素。公司股东人数有限，一般相互认识，具有一定程度的信任感，其股份转让受到一定限制，向股东以外的人转让股份须得到其他股东过半数同意。►有限责任公司不能向社会公开募集公司资本，不能发行股票。Usually,privatelimitedcompaniesaresmallfirms,havingatleast2members.‘Limited’（Ltd）hastobepresentedinthenameoftheprivatelimitedcompany.3.PrivateLimitedCompany私人有限公司Advantages:moreeconomiesofscalethansoletraderandpartnershipmorecapitalraisingpossibilitiesgreatercontinuitythansoletraderandpartnershiplimitedliabilityDisadvantages:SharescannotbeofferedtopublicAccountsnotprivatepossiblelimitationsinraisingcapital4.PublicLimitedCompany股份有限公司Publiclimitedcompanyisabusinessorganisationthatissuitableforverylargebusinesses.Theymusthavethewords‘publiclimitedcompany’（plc）attheendofitsname.Theymusthaveatleast2membersandaminimumallottedsharecapitalof￡50000.Apubliccompanymayofferitssharesanddebenturestothepublic.Theshareholdersofapubliclimitedcompanyarefreetoselltheirsharesatanytime,thisdoesnotrequirethepermissionoftheboardofdirectors.股份公司属于一种资合公司，它具有以下特征：第一，股份公司的资本不是由一人独自出资形式的，而是划分为若干个股份，由许多人共同出资认股组成的；第二，股份公司的所有权不属于一个人，而是属于所有出资认购公司股份的人。Advantages:enjoyseconomiesofscalesharetransfereasyeasyofcapitalraisingmaximumcontinuitylimitedliabilitylittledifficultyinborrowingmoneyDisadvantages:formationinvolvesconsiderabledocumentationcompany,employeesandshareholdersdetachedfromoneanotherSharetransfercanleadto‘takeover’Possibletoomuch‘redtape’LackofprivacyCasestudy1AftergraduatingwithadegreeinSportandRecreation,Marysetupherownbusinessasapersonaltrainer.Initiallysheenjoyedworkingonherownbutduetothedownturnintheeconomyandtheimpactthatthishadhadonhercustomerbase,sheisnowlookingtochangethenatureofherbusinessorganisation.ListandexplainthekeyadvantagesanddisadvantagesofMary’sbusinessandexplainthelegalauthorityMaryhasintakingdecisions.Casestudy2MaryhasdecidedthatshedoesnotwanttobeinbusinessonherownandisconsideringenteringintoapartnershipwithSamanthaaspersonaltrainers.ListandexplainthekeyadvantagesanddisadvantagesofthistypeofbusinessandthelegalauthorityofMaryandSamanthaintakingdecisions.Casestudy3AfriendhassuggestedthatMaryshouldinfactsetupalimitedcompanyasthismayprovideasaferbusinessmodelforher.1.Whatisalimitedcompany?Outlinethekeyadvantagesanddisadvantagesofthistypeofbusinessorganization.2.Outlinethelegalformalitiesrequiredforsettingupthethreetypesofbusinessorganizationsmentionedabove.