Part 5 The whole Composition

1、Part5TheWholeComposition2ReviewtheParagraphWriting1.thecomponentsofaparagraph2.threeprinciplesofwritingaparagraph3.waystodevelopthebodyparagraph4.kindsofparagraph5.thecomponentsofanessay6.thesimilarityanddifferencebetweenaparagraphandanessay31、段落的结构Aparagraph=TopicSentence+developingsentence+concludingsentence。TopicSentenceisacompletesentencewhichmaydenotethemainideaofaparagraph;Developingsentencesarethesentencesusedtosurportthetopicsentence;Concludingsentenceisthesentenceusedtoempha。

2、sizethemainideaoftheparagraphandtogivedeepimpressiononthereaders.41、段落的结构1)Marylikeslivinginaprivatehousebetterthaninadormitoryforanumberofreasons.2)First,itcostsless.Forexample,shepaid$120amonthtoliveinadorm,butitcostsheronly$90toliveinaprivatehome.3)Second,shehasmoreprivacyinahome.Inadorm,shesharedaroomwithanothergirl,butinahome,shehasaroomalltoherself.4)Third,itiseasiertostudyinaprivatehome.Adormisoftentoonoisy,butahomerarelyis.4)Finally,shecankeephercaratahouse.Atcampusdorms,therearenoparki。

3、ngspacesforstudents’cars.5)Forthesereasons,Marylikestoliveoffcampus.51、段落的结构Sentence1)istopicsentence;Sentences2）、3）、4）aredevelopingsentences;Sentence5）isaconcludingsentence.62．短文的结构Anessay=Introductoryparagraph+Bodyparagraph+Conclusionparagraph。Introductoryparagraphisanintroductionofanessaywhichconsistsoftwocontents:socialphenomenonortendencyandathemestatementBodyparagraphsarethemaincontentofanessay.Itmaybemadeupofseveralparagraphs,andthenumberoftheparagraphsandtheircontentsmustberelatedt。

4、othethemestatementintheintroductoryparagraph.Conclusionparagraphreferstothesummeryortheconclusionofthewholeessay,liketheconcludingsentence,itisusedtoemphasizethemainideaoftheessay.E.g.72．短文的结构Television---HarmfultoChildrenNowadays,televisionsetshavebecomestandardpiecesofequipmentinmosthomes,andwatchingtelevisionhasbecomeastandardactivityformostfamilies.Childreninmodernsocietygrowwatchingtelevisioninthemorning,intheafternoon,andoftenintheeveningaswell.Althoughtherearemanyexcellentprogramsforch。

5、ildren,manypeoplefeelthattelevisionmaynotbegoodforchildren.Infact,televisionmaybebadinfluenceonchildrenforthreemainreasons.82．短文的结构Firstofall,someprogramsarenotgoodforchildrentosee.Forexample,therearemanypolicestoriesontelevision.Peoplearekilledwithguns,knives,andevencars.Somechildrenmightthinkthesethingscouldhappentothematanytime.Therefore,theycanbecomefrightened.Inaddition,someyoungstersmightbegintothinkthatviolenceisanormalpartoflifebecausetheyseeitoftenontelevision.Theymaybegintoactoutthevi。

6、olencetheyseeandhurtthemselvesortheirplaymates.92．短文的结构Second,televisioncanaffectchildren’sreadingability.Readingrequiresskillsandbrainprocessthatwatchingtelevisiondoesnot.Ifchildrenwatchtelevisiontoomanyhoursaday,theydon’tpracticetheskillstheyneedtolearnhowtoread.Finally,televisionmayaffectchildren’sschoolworkinotherways.Iftheyspendtoomuchtimewatchingtelevision,theymaygetbehindintheirhomework.Alsoiftheystayuptowatchalatemovie,theymayfallasleepinclassthenextday.Consequently,theywillnotlearnthe。

7、irlessonsandevenfailinschool.102．短文的结构Inconclusion,ifchildrenwatchtoomuchtelevisionorwatchthewrongprograms,theirpersonalitiescanbeharmed.Furthermore,theirprogressinschoolcanbeaffected.Therefore,parentsshouldknowwhatprogramstheirchildrenarewatching.Theyshouldalsoturnoffthetelevisionsothattheirchildrenwillstudy.第一段是全文的引入段.它由四个句子组成，起着引入的作用。段落中的最后一个句子点明了短文的中心论点，在全文中起着主导作用，同时规定了短文发展的基本方向。第二、三、四段为主体段。每个段落都有一个主题句，分别从不同的角度阐述了短文的中心论点。最后一段为结尾段。简明扼要地总结了全文的重点，并通过最后一个句子深化了短文的主题思想。113、段落与短文写作方法异同分析从段落和短文。

8、的两种结构可以看到，短文的引入段相当于段落的主题句，短文的主体段相当于段落的扩展句，短文的结尾段相当于段落的概括句。因为短文的引入段是短文主体段的中心论点；段落的主题句则是段落扩展句的中心论点。在段落中，扩展句提供具体的细节、例证用来支撑主题句；结尾句是对主题句中心思想的总结；在短文中，主体段也是通过具体的细节或例证来支撑引入段的论点，结尾段是对全文的总结和归纳。它们可谓一一相互对应。如果我们把文章的五个段落合并成一个段落，那么，整篇短文的写作就成了一个段落的写作。12在这个意义上来说，段落的发展手段与短文的发展方法是基本相同的，它们只是从不同的角度去解释、证明某一论点。即前者的重点是发展段落的中心论点（全文的分论点），后者的重点是发展短文的中心论点。下面的简表可说明它们之间的异同。13ParagraphEssayTopicSentence---------------IntroductoryParagraphDevelopingSentences:--------------------BodyParagraph:DevelopingSentence1----------。

9、-----------(Paragraph1)DevelopingSentence2---------------------(Paragraph2)DevelopingSentence3---------------------(Paragraph3)ConcludingSentence------------------ConclusionParagraph14结论：段落和短文的发展方式基本上是一致的，无论从结构，还是从内容上来看，都是典型的直线性：开始是引言，有中心思想句；最后是结尾，有主题照应句；当中是正文，有详细的事例说明阐述。它们只是有没有分段的差别。因此，我们可以说，短文的写作和段落的写作基本上是相通的，学习段落写作实际上也就是在学习短文写作，写好了段落，自然也能写好短文。15Part5:TheWholeCompositionTeachingContents：I.StepsinwritingacompositionII.OrganizationIII.Typesofwriting16I.StepsinWritingaComposition1.Plan。

10、ningaComposition(Gatheringrelevantmaterialsorfactsandfindingaproperthesisorthemeafteratopicisassigned.)2.Outlining(WritingOutlines)3.WritingtheFirstDraft4.RevisingthefirstDraft5.MakingFinalCopyorSendingIttoBeEdited17StepsinWritingaComposition1.1PlanningaCompositionOneshouldnotbeginwritingacompositionwithoutsufficientpreparation.Heshouldworkoutaplanandcollectenoughmaterialbeforehewritesthefirstsentenceofhiscomposition.18StepsinWritingaComposition1.1.1Collectingenoughfactsandfindingaproperth。