7.增词法 amplification

TranslationSkills---AmplificationWestChina’seconomyisstillbackward.中国西部的经济现在还处于落后状态。Dayafterdayhecametohiswork—sweeping,scrubbing,cleaning.他每天来干活——扫地、擦地板、收拾房间。Thehigh-altitudeplanewasandstillisaremarkableplane.这种高空飞机过去是现在仍然是一种了不起的飞机。Havingalotofadvantages,thismachinewilleventuallybeimprovedupon.尽管这台机器有很多优点，它总有一天会被别的机器超过的。Marywashesforalivingafterherhusbanddiedofcancer.玛丽在丈夫得癌症去世之后，靠给人洗衣服维持生活。DefinitionofAmplificationAmplification,alsocalledaddition,meanssupplyingnecessarywordsinourtranslationonthebasisofaccuratecomprehensionoftheoriginal,makingtheversiongrammaticallycorrect,semanticallyclear,rhetoricallysound,logicallyacceptable,andculturallyappropriate.Asamatterofprinciple,atranslatorisnotsupposedtoaddanymeaningtoortosubtractanymeaningfromtheoriginalwork.However,thisdoesnotmeanthatatranslatorshouldrefrainfromsupplyingnecessarywordstomakehisorherversionbothaccurateinmeaningandinkeepingwiththeidiomaticuseofthelanguagetobetranslatedinto.Reasonsforapplyingthistranslationskill:Infactitispreciselyforthepurposeof“faithfulrepresentation”ofthethoughtoftheauthorthatweoftenresortto“amplification”.ThisisbecauseEnglishandChinesearetwoentirelydifferentlanguagesandeachhasitsownhistoricalandculturalbackground.Therefore,manyideas,idiomaticexpressionsandphrases,etc.thatarewellunderstoodinthecountryoftheirorigincanhardlymakesensetotheoriginalpatternswithoutalterationandconsequentlyamplificationisadoptedindealingwithsuchoccasions.Ⅰ.ClassificationofAmplificationinEnglish-ChineseTranslation1.LexicalAmplification（从词汇上考虑的增词）Thiskindofamplificationincludes:amplificationbysupplyingsuchkindsofwordsasverbs,nouns,adjectives,adverbs,numerals,measurewords,generalizationwords,andthepluralformsofnouns.ThesekindsofwordsareamplifiedsothattheycanexpresstheintendedorimpliedlexicalorcontextualmeaningsoftheSLtextclearlyandexactly,orinotherwords,theyareamplifiedsoastomaketheimpliedlexicalmeaningsintheSLtextconcrete,clear,andidiomatic.1.1AmplifyingVerbsTomCanty,borninragsanddirtandmisery,whatsightisthis!?译文一：啊，汤姆·康第，生在破烂、肮脏和苦难中，现在这番景象却是多么显赫啊！译文二：汤姆·康第原来(whowasborn)生在可怜巴巴的人家(inmisery)，穿得破破烂烂(inrags)，一身邋里邋遢(indirt)，现在(whatsightisthis)换了这身装束，啊，是何等气派！Shefelttheflowerswereinherfingers,onherlips,growinginherbreast.译文一：她觉得手里和唇上都是花儿，胸中也生长着花儿。译文二：她觉得她好像手里拿着花，嘴里吻着花，连胸中也生出了花。Someprocesses,suchasoilrefining,maybecompletelyautomatedfromstarttofinish.有些生产过程，如石油的提炼，可以自始至终全部实现自动化。Intheevening,afterthebanquets,theconcertsandthetabletennisexhibitions,hewouldworkonthedraftingofthefinalcommuniqué.晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后，他还得起草最后公报。Therewerenospeeches,noforeigndiplomats,no“ordinarypeople”withpaperflagsandbouquetsofflowers.没有发表讲话，没有各国外交官到场，也没有普通人挥舞纸棋、花束的场面。Mattercanbechangedintoenergy,andenergy（）intomatter.物质可以转化成能量，能量也可以转化为物质。Hedismissedthemeetingwithoutaclosingspeech.他没有致闭幕词就宣布结束会议。Formayownpart,Iconsideritasnothinglessthanaquestionoffreedomorslavery.在我看来，我认为这完全是一个要么赢得自由要么沦为奴隶的问题。1.2AmplifyingNounscomplacencyjealousymadnessarrogance自满情绪嫉妒心理疯狂行为傲慢态度transformationcomplexitysegregation转化过程复杂性/复杂局面隔离政策/隔离措施modernizationnecessitybackwardness现代化必要性落后状态/落后局面normalizationmodificationadvantage正常状态修改方案有利条件/有利地位/有利之处remediesconfusionsaturation补救措施/补救方法混乱局面饱和状态measurementredundancy测量方法/测量结果多余信息Afterallpreparationsweremade,theplanetookoff.在所有的准备工作就绪之后，飞机起飞了。Heallowedthefathertobeoverruledbythejudge，anddeclaredhisownsonguilty。他让法官的职责战胜父子的私情，而判决他儿子有罪。Thisnewtypeofcomputerisindeedcheapandfine.这部打字机真是价廉物美。EvencountrieswithlargepopulationslikeBritainandtheUnitedStatesareseriouslyconsideringimitatingtheSwedish.甚至连人口众多的美国和英国之类的国家也在认真考虑仿效瑞典的这种做法。Theexportisnotpermittedtoexceeditslimitation.出口货物不得超出有关货物限制范围。Inordertoimproveacertainkindofbattery,Edisonspentalmosttenyearsandmadenearly50,000experiments.为了改善一种电池的性能，爱迪生花了差不多十年的时间做了近50，000次实验。ThetensionintheMiddleEasthasattractedmuchattentionoftheworld.中东的紧张局势已引起全世界的广泛关注。Mobilephonesbecamepopularonly3yearsago.手机3年前才成为大众喜爱的东西。Anewkindofaircraft—small,cheap,pilotless—isattractingincreasingattention.一种新型的飞机正越来越引起人们的注意—这种飞机体积不大，价钱便宜，无人驾驶。Hefeltthepatriotrisewithinhisbreast.他感觉到一种爱国热情在胸中激荡。Divorceisincreasinginthiscountrywithgrowingurbanization.这个国家的城市越来越多，离婚率也越来越高。Themajorprobleminfabricationisthecontrolofcontaminationandforeignmaterials.制造过程中的主要问题是如何控制沾染和杂质。Atthesametime,inequalityhasbecomeworse.同时，不平等现象变得更严重了。1.3AmplifyingGeneralizationWords（增加概括词）概括词是英汉两种语言所共有的，但有时英语句子中并没有出现概括词，而翻译的时候却往往可以加入“两人”、“双方”、“等”、“等等”、“凡此种种”等概括词，同时省略掉英语中的连接词。Likemostwildlife，deerreproduce，grow，andstorefatinthesummerandfallwhenthereisplentyofnutritiousfoodavailable.与大多数野生动物一样，鹿在营养丰富、食物充足的夏秋两季，繁殖、生长储存脂肪。Theadvantagesofthemeetingroomarebright,spacious,fashionableandwithoutechoes.这个会议室有四大优点：明亮、宽敞、时髦、无回声。Theadvantagesoftherecentlydevelopedcompositeelectrodematerialsarecorrosionresistant,costefficient,longservicetime,energysavingandwithoutenvironmentalpollution.最新开发的电极复合材料具备节能、抗腐蚀、效率高、寿命长和无公害等五大优势。Adesignermusthaveagoodfoundationinstatics,kinematics,dynamics,andstrengthofmaterials.一个设计人员必须在静力学、运动学、动力学和材料力学这几方面有很好的基础。