86认知语言学

AnIntroductiontocognitiveLinguistics6.Blending&relevance4.Figure&ground5.Frames&constructions7.Iconicity&lexicalchange&grammaticalizationEdition2Keywords:figure/groundsegregation(Rubin)（图形-背景分离）theprincipleofPragnanz（普雷格郎茨原则）trajector,landmark,path(Langacher)（射体，界标，路径）schemaimage（意象图式）elaboration（细化）4.Figure&groundTheface/vaseillusion1.Shaped2.Moreprominent3.Morelikelytobeidentified&remembered1.Unstructured2.Shapeless3.UniformFigureGroundTheprincipleofPragnanz“普雷格郎茨原则”ThePrincipleofPragnanzisaguidingwhichreflectsthewaythatpeoplechoosesomethingasfigure.Anobjectismorelikelytobechosenasfigureifitisasmallormovedobject,orhasgestaltfeatures.Thelinguisticexpressionssuchasprepositionsthatcanbeexplainedintermsoffigureandground,thathascaughttheattentionofcognitivelinguists.eg:1.Theballoonisflyingoverthehouse.2.Thebookisonthetable.3.Theboyclimbedupthewall.4.Shewentoutoftheroom.……※Trajector:Itstandsforthefigureormostprominentelementsinanyrelationalstructure.※Landmark:Itreferstotheotherentityinarelation.※Schemaimagesrepresentcognitiveconfigurationsconsistingofthreeelementsandtheirinterrelations,namely:atrajector,whichmovesalongapath,andisseenasbeingrelatedtoalandmark.Centralimageschemafor‘out’Elaborations:Elaborationsaresuchvariantswhichonlyspecifycertaincomponentsofaschema,butdonotdivergefromitsgeneralconfiguration.P202Asimpleclausenormallyconsistsofthreekeyelements:asubject,averbelementandacomplement.Linguistically,thewaytomanifestprominenceistoputthepreferredelementsintosubjectposition.Inasimpletransitiveclause,thesubjectcorrespondstothefigure,theobjecttotheground,andtheverbexpressestherelationshipbetweenfigureandground.5.Frames&constructionskeywords:frame(Fillmore,Talmy,Slobin)（框架）scripttheory(R.Schank&R.P.Abelson)（图样理论）construction(A.E.Goldberg)（构式）frameItistobeseenasatypeofcognitivemodelwhichrepresentstheknowledgeandbeliefspertainingtospecificandfrequentlyrecurringsituations.Forexample,theactioncategoryBUYincludesareferencetoatleastfourothercategories,namelytoaBUYER,aSELLER,GOODSandMONEY.①commercialevent-frameItiseasytoseethatinthissentenceallfourcomponentsofthe[BUY]framearerenderedlinguistically,eachinadifferentsyntacticslot:theBUYER(David)assubject,theGOODS(anoldskirt)asdirectobject,theSELLER(john)asthefirstadverbialandtheMONEY(tenpounds)assecondadverbial.Thisassignmentofsyntacticroles,whichisofcoursetoalargeextentgovernedbythechoiceoftheverbBUY,thesyntacticperspectiveofthesentence.Anotherexamples:1.JohnsoldanoldshirttoDavidfortenpounds.2.JohnchargedDavidtenpoundsforanoldshirt.3.DavidpaidtenpoundstoJohnforanoldshirt.ThefourdiagramsshowthatthetwoverbsbuyandpaydescribethecommercialeventfromtheBUYER’sperspective,whilesellandchargeperspectivethesituationfromtheSELLER’spointofview.②motionevent-framefiguremotion,MannerorcausepathgroundThepencilrolledoffThetableThepencilblewoffThetableLouisBleriotflewacrosstheEnglishChannelAttention:theexpressionofmotionevent-framesislanguage-specific.scriptKnowledgestructuresthatareparticularlydesignedforfrequentlyrecurringeventsequences.Therestaurantscript:Roles:customer,waiter,cook,cashier,owner.Props:restaurant,tables,menu,food,bill,money.Events:1.thecustomerenterstherestaurant.2.thecustomersitsdownonachair.3.thewaiterbringsthemenutothecustomer.4.thecustomerordersthefood.5.thefoodarrives.6.thecustomerhashismeal.7.thewaitersendsabill.8.thecustomerleavesatip.9.thecustomerpaysforhismeal.10.thecustomerexitstherestaurant.Whenweproduceorlistentolanguageweunconsciouslyfillinanincredibleamountofinformationtakenfromframesandscripts.Withoutsupplyingthisinformationwewouldcertainlynotbeabletounderstandeventhemostsimplepiecesofdiscourse.1.Johnwentintoarestaurant.Heaskedthewaitressforcoqanvin.Hepaidthebillandleft.2.Johnwentintoarestaurant.Hesawawaitress.Hegotupandwenthome.constructionexampleThedraughtblewthepenciloffthetableFramestructureCAUSEMOTIONFIGUREPATHGROUNDSyntacticstructuresubjectverbobjectadverbialThefactthatthereisaveryclosecorrespondencebetweenframecomponentsandsyntacticconstituentshasledcognitivelinguiststotheideathatthesyntacticpatternitselfmayhaveashareintheencodingoftheparticulartypeofexperience.Constructionsarepairingsofmeaningsandformsthatarestoredinlong-termmemoryandspecifiedwithregardtotheirsemanticandsyntacticstructureaswellastheirpragmaticapplicability.Threeargumentation-structureconstructions:constructionBasicexperienceBasicclausestructureexampleCaused-motionconstructionSomeonecausingsomethingelsetomoveS-V-O-AFrankpushedthetissueoffthetable.Caused-receiveconstructionSomeonecausingsomeoneelsetoreceivesomethingS-V-OOJoegaveSallytheball.ResultativeconstructionSomeonecausingsomethingtochangestateS-V-O-CTerrypushedthedoorshut.Complexsentenceconstructions:anexample‘Shell-contentconstruction’SemanticstructureShellreification&perspectivizationLinkcontentSyntacticstructureNounφ/beThat-clause/infinitiveexamples(The)fact(The)aimisThataconferenceistakingplace……toopenstudenthostelsforguestsThestructureoftheshell-contentconstructionIdiomsasconstructions-constructionsasidioms‘l