积极心理学03-beliefs

BeliefsasSelf-FulfillingPropheciesRogerBannisterOutline•Beliefsshapereality•Howitworks•Optimizingoptimism•RaisingourbeliefsWearewhatwethink.Allthatweareariseswithourthoughts.Withourthoughts,wemakeourworld.TheBuddhaPygmalionPygmalionPygmalionintheclassroom(RobertRosenthal)IntheworkplaceJamieson(1987)“Treatamanasaheisandhewillremainasheis.Treatamanashecanandshouldbeandheshallbecomeashecanandshouldbe.”JohannWolfgangvonGoetheThePoweroftheSituationMilgram’sObediencetoAuthorityZimbardo’sPrisonExperimentThe(Positive)PoweroftheSituation–menabove75–weekin“1959”resort–mentalandbiologicalagedecreases•Langer(1989)–testingeyesight–Improveswithrole•Langer(1979)PositivePriming•Bargh(1999)•Dijksterhuis&VanKnippensberg(1998)•Creatingapositiveenvironment–pictures(people,places,etc)–pleasantobjects(memorabilia,flowers,etc)–quotesTheSelf-HelpMovement“Whateveryourmindcanconceiveandbelieveitcanachieve”NapoleonHill“Whetheryouthinkyoucanorcan’t—youareright.”HenryFordTheSelf-HelpMovement“Havegreathopesanddaretogoalloutforthem.Havegreatdreamsanddaretolivethem.Havetremendousexpectationsandbelieveinthem.”NormanVincentPealeAlbertBanduraonSelfEfficacy“Beliefsinpersonalefficacyaffectlifechoices,levelofmotivation,qualityoffunctioning,resiliencetoadversityandvulnerabilitytostressanddepression.”“Peoplewhoregardthemselvesashighlyefficaciousact,think,andfeeldifferentlyfromthosewhoperceivethemselvesasinefficacious.Theyproducetheirownfuture,ratherthansimplyforetellit.”•Cultivatedovertime•Curry(1997)oncollegeathletesNathanielBrandenonSelf-Esteem“Thelevelofourself-esteemhasprofoundconsequencesforeveryaspectofourexistence:howweoperateintheworkplace,howwedealwithpeople,howhighwearelikelytorise,howmuchwearelikelytoachieve—and,inthepersonalrealm,withwhomwearelikelytofallinlove,howweinteractwithourspouse,children,andfriends,whatlevelofpersonalhappinessweattain.”“Selfconceptisdestiny.”ThePlaceboEffectBeliefsasSelf-fulfillingPropheciesBeliefsExpectationsPerformanceMotivationConsistencyInterpretation“Ifailedmywaytosuccess”ThomasEdisonOptimismandPessimism(Seligman)•Interpretationstyle•Success•Mental/physicalhealth–immunesystem–resilience–happiness–longevity•Itcanbelearned!OptimizingOptimism•Whataboutunrealisticbeliefs?OptimizingOptimism•Whataboutunrealisticbeliefs?–TheStockdaleParadox–Positivethinkingisnotenough“Falseoptimismsoonerorlatermeansdisillusionment,angerandhopelessness.”AbrahamMaslowThe“Secret”ofSuccess•Optimism,passion,hardwork.“Thereisnosubstituteforhardwork.”ThomasEdison“Iamagreatbelieverinluck,andIfindthattheharderIwork,theluckierIget.”ThomasJeffersonWhatAboutHappinessandSelf-Esteem?•Dohighexpectationsleadtodisappointment?Self-esteem=success/pretensionsWilliamJames•CopingversusAvoidanceOnBecomingAnOptimist•Justdoit!(action)•Imaginethat…(visualization)•Cognitivetherapy(rationalthinking)TakingAction(Bandura)HardWorkCopingSuccessSelf-EfficacyTodareistoloseone’sfootingmomentarily.Nottodareistoloseoneself.SorenKierkegaardImaginingSuccess•Themindassimulator(Kosslyn,1994)•Focusonjourneyanddestination•Involvedifferentsenses•EvokeemotionsCognitiveTherapy•Thoughtsdriveemotion•Restoringrationality•Highlyeffective•AnacquiredskillTheTenCognitiveDistortions(DavidBurns)1.All-or-nothingthinking2.Over-generalization3.Mentalfilter4.Disqualifyingthepositive5.Jumpingtoconclusions–Mindreading–Fortunetelling6.Magnifyingorminimizing7.Emotionalreasoning8.‘Should’or‘must’statements9.Labeling10.PersonalizationandblameExtremelyHappyPeople(DienerandSeligman,2002)•Everyoneexperiencesnegativeemotions•Differentcognitiveinterpretations(pessimistsvs.optimists)•Self-fulfillingprophecies•Spiralingdownorup•Ayres,J.&Hopf,T.(1992).Visualization:ReducingSpeechAnxietyandEnhancingPerformance.CommunicationReports,5,1-10.•Bandura,A.(1999).PerceivedSelf-EfficacyinCognitiveDevelopmentandFunctioning.EducationalPsychologist,28(2),117-148.•Benson,H.(1997).TimelessHealing.Scribner.•Burns,D.(1999).FeelingGood:TheNewMoodTherapy.Avon.•Langer,E.(1989).Mindfulness.Addison-Wesley.•Leahy,R.L.(2003).CognitiveTherapyTechniques:APractitioner’sGuide.GuilfordPublication.•White,S.S.&Locke,E.A.(2000).ProblemswiththePygmalionEffectandSomeProposedSolutions.LeadershipQuarterly,11,389-415.•Rosenthal,R.,andJacobson,L.(1968).PygmalionintheClassroom.NewYork:RinehartandWinston.•Selgiman,M.(1998).LearnedOptimism:HowtoChangeYourMindandYourLife.FreePress.BibliographyandRecommendations