跨文化交际Nonverbal language time& space

ElementsofNonverbalCommunicationNVCProducedbythebody(kinesics)CombinedwiththesettinggesturesparalanguagetoucheyecontactfacialexpressionsposturesSpace(proxemics)silenceTime(chronemics)NonverbalCommunication(II)—SPACE&TIMEIntoday’sclass,wewill…appreciatehowattitudetowarduseofspaceandtimeconveynonverbalmessagesinICCCasestudyThefirsttimeIcametotheUnitedStatesIstayedforovertwoyearswithoutreturninghome.MyfirsttriphomewasreallyhardbecauseIhadforgottenalotofmynativelanguageandIspentmostofmytimetranslatingeverythinginmyheadfirstbeforeIcouldexpressitinproperFrench.IalsohadalotofproblemsreadaptingtoFrenchsocietyandthewayofdoingthings.OneofmyworstepisodeswasgoingtoapostofficeandbeingveryangryatthepeoplearoundmebecauseIperceivedthemasnotknowinghowtoproperlybehaveinapublicplace:theydidnotforminawaitinglinebutseemedtobepackedinfrontoftheteller,andtheywerealsoveryclosetoeachotherwithoutrespectingthepersonalspacethatIhadbeenaccustomedtowhilelivingintheUnitedStates.I.SpaceSpacetalks.--EdwardHallWhenyouinvademyspace,Iwill…feeltroubledgetdefensivebecomeaggressiveretaliateProxemicsthestudyofpersonalspaceforthepurposeofcommunication(近体学,空间关系学)thestudyofsetmeasurabledistancesbetweenpeopleastheyinteractPublicspaceSocialspacePersonalspaceIntimatespace“BodyBubbles”ZonesofSpaceIntimatedistance0-45centimetersPersonaldistance45-80centimetersSocialdistance1.3-3metersPublicdistancefartherthan2or3metersNorthernAmericanZonesofSpaceShortDistanceMediumDistanceLongDistanceLatinsAmericansJapaneseMediterraneanArabsNorthernEuropeansMediterraneanEuropeansCulturalstylesalsodeterminetheamountofpersonalspace.Culture&SpaceCultureSmallspaceLargespaceAmericanGermanJapaneseFrenchArabLatinAmericanSpaceaffectshumancommunicationinmanyotherways.ClassroomarrangementsofdeskandchairsAcirculararrangementSitinrowsWheretosit?ChoosetheseatanddescribewhySpaceinfluenceshumancommunicationthroughterritoriality.GoodGermanneighborsarequiet,donotintrude,keepthesidewayclean,andtendtheflowersnicelyGoodChineseneighbors…paradoxinFinland&Denmark..insauna桑拿Religiousvaluesmayaffectspatialarrangements.TheNavajoalwaysbuildtheirhoganfacingeast,inordertofacetherisingsun.IslamicpeoplebelievethatthemainentranceofimportantbuildingsshouldfaceinthedirectionofMecca.InChina…Architecture&Space“Goodfencesmakegoodneighbors.”“远亲不如近邻，近邻不如对门。”“大门不出、二门不迈”Architecturaldesigninfluenceshowprivacyisachievedaswellashowsocialcontactismadeinpublicplaces.DifferentHousingStylesTouchCulturevs.Non-touchCultureTouchcultureNon-touchcultureArabsSouthernandWesternEuropeansJewsLatinsAmericansNorthernEuropeansOrientalsTouchingtimesrecordedinanhourLondonFloridaParisPuertoRicoLondonFloridaParisPuertoRico0210180Wouldyoutalktostrangersinacrowdedelevator?What’syouropinionaboutcrowding?Wouldyouliketostayalone?thepatternbehaviorassociatedwiththedefenseofaterritory(领地性)Thewaypeopleperceiveterritorialityisstronglyinfluencedbyculture.Culturalinfluenceonterritorialitycanbebestillustratedfromthefollowingtwoaspects:AttitudestowardscrowdingPrivacyCrowding—howpeoplefeelwhentheirpersonalspaceislimitedChineseEnglish-speakingpeopleChineseEnglish-speakingpeopletolerantofcrowdingwaitingpatientlycannotstandittrytoavoidCausesChineseEnglish-speakingpeoplePopulationDensityasenseof“togetherness”asenseof“apartness”ConceptofBodyTerritorybodyitselfbody+territoryaroundthebodyPrivacyWesternershaveastrongsenseofprivacy.Orientalculturedoesnotemphasizeprivacy.WesternViewofPrivacy“Aman’shomeishiscastle.”JapaneseViewofPrivacyShojiScreenDoorsFusumaSlidingDoorsTatamiFloorsII.TimeTimetalksWhenyouhavemadeanappointmentwithyourfriend,say10a.m.,whenwillyouarrive?Whenyouhavemadeanappointmentwithyourteacher,say10a.m.,whenwillyouarrive?Ifyouareabossofacompany,whenthescheduledtimeformeetingis10a.m.whenwillyouarrive?ChronemicsThesenseoftimeTwowaystostudytheconceptoftime(1)monochronicvs.polychronic(2)perceptionsofpast,presentandfutureChronemicsisthestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime.a.Timeiscyclical(循环的)b.Timeislinear(线性的)Westernculturesthinktimeislinear—aflowfromthepasttothepresenttothefuture.Lifeonearthevolvedinresponsetothecyclesofdayandnightandtheebbandflowofthetides.ThesenseoftimeM-timeisnotedforitsemphasisonschedules,segmentationandpromptness.P-timeislessrigidandclock-bound.monochronic(一元时间)vs.polychronic(多元时间）M-timeP-timeM-time:单一时间习惯，即以大部分的北美人、瑞士人、德国人及斯堪地那维亚人为典型。这些西方文化倾向在一个时间点上只专精一件事情。他们把时间区分为一个个小的单位，然后很关心准时性。M-time是使用一种线性的方式，它认为谁在节省时间、浪费时间、停留时间、花费时间、损失时间都是看得到的。大部分低相关文化都在M-time时间习惯下运作。P-time:多重时间习惯，即在高度相关的文化中较常见，它是强调以比遵循时程表更多的方式来完成人类的交易。P-time的特征是同时间内发生许多事情，并且「和人们之间有很大的牵连」。P-time如同高度相关的文化一样需要先建立关系并吸收事件前后的关联性。MonochronicPolychronicPresetschedulesdominateinterpersonalrelations.Interpersonalrelationssupercedepresentschedules.Appointmenttimesarerigid.Appointmenttimeisflexible.Peoplehandleonetaskatatime.Peoplehandlemanytaskssimultaneously.Timeisinflexibleandtangible.Timeisflexibleandfluid.MonochronicPolychronicPersonaltimeandworktimeareclearlysepa