：非谓语动词(不定式)剖析

大学英语CollegeEnglish英语语法从句非谓语动词虚拟语气主谓一致时态与语态强调和倒装√非谓语动词非谓语动词不定式（todo）分词动名词（-ing）过去分词（-ed）现在分词（-ing）不定式的语法功能动词不定式的构成：（to）+do具有名词、形容词、副词的特征；否定式：not+（to）do不定式的时态和语态时态、语态主动被动一般式todotobedone进行式tobedoing/完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone完成进行式tohavebeendoing/1．一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后。It'snicetomeetyou.HewantstobeaphysicistWeplantopayavisittotheLeaningTowerofPisa.2．进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生。Theboypretendedtobestudyingseriously.Sheseemstobereadinginhisroom.3．完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。Ihappenedtohaveseentheopera.Heispleasedtohavemethisoldclassmates.不定式的语法功能作主语作表语作宾语作宾语补足语作定语作状语主语Tofinishthetaskinaweekisveryhard.一周之内完成这项任务是很难的。Toloseyourheartmeansfailure.灰心意味着失败。主语动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后。Itisveryhardtofinishthetaskinaweek.一周之内完成这项任务是很难的。Itmeansfailuretoloseyourheart.灰心意味着失败。主语It+be+名词+todoIttakessb.+sometime+todoIt+be+形容词+ofsb.+todoIttookmeonlyamonthtocompletetheproject.Itisverydifficultformetofinishthereportovernight.It'sourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.表语Myworkistocleanthewashingroomeveryday.Hisidealistobeatopengineer.Heappearstohavecaughtacold.宾语宾语afford（负担得起），agree（同意），dare（敢于），decide（决定），happen（碰巧），hesitate（犹豫），fail（不能），guarantee（保证），tend（倾向），manage（设法），pretend（假装），offer（提供），plan（计划）Heofferedtohelpme.Thestudentfailedtopasstheexam.Ireallycan'taffordtoseethiscompanygobankruptcy.Iguaranteetofulfillthetask.WemanagetogetmostofourproduceinBritain.注意事项1如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面。MarxfounditimportanttostudythesituationinRussia.Ifounditimpossibletoanswerallthequestionswithinthetimegiven.Allofusthinkiturgenttoimplementeconomicreform.注意事项2动词+疑问词+不定式有些动词可以要求其后的不定式前面加一个连接副（代）词，一起充当宾语。what，when，where，which，how，whether等。Couldyoutellmewhethertogoforapicnic?Mymothershowedmehowtopreparemeals.Hegaveussomeadviceonhowtolearncomputer.注意事项3动词+宾语+不定式不定式可以做宾语补足语Theofficerorderedhissoldierstofire.Fatherwillnotallowustoplayonthestreet.Ihavenochoicebuttobelievewhatyou'resaying.Ihavenochoicebuttodoashetellsme.定语定语通常放在被修饰的词后面，往往表示未发生的动作。Ihavealotofworktodo.Ihaveameetingtoattend.Shefoundacomfortablehousetolivein.That'sthethingtoworryabout.备注：所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词Itisagreatplacetolive.Thisisthebestwaytoworkoutthisproblem.Let'spracticenow.It'sthebestwaytolearn.备注：如果不定式修饰time,place,way，可以省略介词。状语状语表目的表结果表原因表程度作目的状语常用结构：todo,onlyto,inorderto,soastodo,so（such）…asto…Heransofastastocatchthefirstbus.Icomehereonlytosaygood-byetoyou.Heworkeddayandnightinordertogetthemoney.Tosavemoney,everymeanshasbeentried.Tosavemoney,hehastriedeverymeans.TolearnEnglishwell,adictionaryisneeded.TolearnEnglishwell,heneedsadictionary.备注：注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致。╳╳n.方法，手段作结果状语常用enoughto，sufficientto，onlyto，neverto，so+形容词/副词+asto引导。Iawoketofindmyluggagegone.Itriedthedoor,onlytofinditlockedinside.Hesearchedtheroomtofindnothing.作原因状语Shesmiledtoseethestudentssohappy.Shesmiledbecauseshesawthestudentssohappy.Theywereverysadtohearthenews.Theywereverysadbecausetheyheardthenews.状语表目的表结果表原因表程度省略to的不定式cannotbut（只得）cannothelpbut（不得不，只得）hadbetter（最好还是）hadrather（宁愿）wouldrather（宁愿）wouldsooner（宁愿）may（just）aswell（还是...的好）must（just）aswell（幸好）ratherthan（而不是）whynot（为什么不）wouldyouplease（请您...）helpsb.（to）dosth.Icannotbutadmireyourbravery.Icannothelpbutthinkthatisveryimportant.Theyhadbetterthinkagain.Iwouldrathersleepthanwatchthismovie.Thispromotesempathyratherthanresentment.Whynoteatmorefruits?Wouldyoupleasefilloutadepositslip?Couldyouhelpmefindanapartment?n.同情n.憎恨填写存款单省略to的不定式donothing/anything/everything...but/except结构不带to。LastnightIdidnothingbutwatchTV.IhavedonenothingexceptdowhatIshould.LasteveningIdidnothingbutrepairmyfarmtools.省略to的不定式当谓语动词是感官动词see,watch,lookat,notice,hear,listento,smell,feel,find和使役动词let,have,make时，作宾语补语的不定式可以省去to。如果这些动词为被动形式，则要保留to。Iheardhimlockthedoor.Thebossmadethemworkthewholenight.Theyweremadetoworkthewholenight.不定式的语法功能动词不定式的构成：（to）+do具有名词、形容词、副词的特征；否定式：not+（to）do不定式Subject（主语）Object（宾语）Predictive（表语）Attribute（定语）Adverbial（状语）Complement（补语）Todothatsortofthingisfoolish.Itisfoolishtodothatsortofthing.IwanttoseeyouthisweekendAllyouhavetodois（to）finishitquicklyWefoundahousetolivein.ShecameheretostudyEnglish.Thepatientwaswarnednottoeatoilyfoodaftertheoperation.Heliftedastoneonlytodropitonhisownfeet.Theyjumpedwithjoytohearthenews.不定式