note taking

ListeningNotetakingSection3-4Q1：WHATtolisten?Listeningnotes•1.thesignals•过渡词transitionalwords:如果在开头或是强调转折等概念，可能会重读，但是在段落里往往被弱读。要在听得时候格外敏感这些词语，听出具体层次的转折过度等等。•2.重复词语：复现词语，•任何段落/篇章都会有重复词.•主题词、关键信息•重复时候如果重读：可能会开始新的观点，与阅读悖论的观点，引起注意。Sample•Therearemanyreasonswhylanguagechange,butthreemajorcausesillustratetheconcept.Initially,variouslanguagesthatstartedfromthesameparentdevelopedtheirownuniquenessaftergroupofspeakersdriftedawayfromoneanothertoestablishisolated,independentcommunities.Anothermajorcauseoflanguageistheinfluenceofandinteractionwithforeigncultures•oftenasaresultofmilitaryconquest.Acontinuingcauseforchangeisrapidlyexpandingtechnologyandnewsystemsofcommunicationthatbringallculturesandlanguagesintoclosercontact,withborrowingbetweenlanguagesacommonphenomenoninthecontemporaryworld.Alllanguageschangeastheexperiencesofthespeakerschange.•Evidencefrombrainimagingsupportthisview.ThebrainisasactiveduringREM(rapideyemovement)sleep---whenmostvividdreamsoccur---asitiswhenfullyawake,saysDrEricNofizingeratUniversityofPittsburgh.Butnotallpartsofthebrainareequallyinvolved,thelimbicsystem(theemotionalbrain)isespeciallyactive…•3.指代词语•指代词语可以用来指代前文的一个单词或是一句话。因为听力是学术文章，指代不会过多。演讲者会适当使用一些代替一些学术词汇等等。•Itisthemosttalked-of-subjectinthetown.Everyfamilyinthecommunitydiscussesithalfadozen.Youmentionedittoatleastoneofyourfriendsbeforeyoucameintoroomtoday.Youthinkaboutitatleastonceduringeveryclass.It’spassageissteady.What’sit?It’s____•同义词：一些同义词会起转换作用•听得时候需要格外注意，那些是属于同意替换，那里起到转换作用。•Communitycollegesarelikethetwo-yearcollegesarecalledjuniorcolleges,or“j.c.’s”.Bothcollegespreparestudentsforfour-yearcolleges.J.c.’s.offerallthecoursesmostfouryearcollegesaskfreshandsophomoretotake.Communitycollegesalsogivesuchrequiredcourses.Butcommunityarealsolikeotherintuitionscalledtradeschools.Bothschoolsoffertechnicaltraining.Q2：Howtolisten?•1.一般来说，每个层次的主要论点就是每个转换词后的第一句话。因此每个层次都会有一个主题句。往往开门见山，后面围绕这个。也可以是某一个层次的主题句是在最后出现。这样会很明显，因为是根据前面总结出来的。例如出现：therefore，so,hence…Drill1•Listentothelectureandtakethenotes.•Keypoints•1reason,rise,price,g-c-m-d-tpriceinflation,glb-excesdmd•Drill2•Keypoints:•Futuristpoetry•Can不clasdasliterDrill3•Keypoints:•Moldwold•多pop•Intellgzms•Notice•Butremoved•HumlaborSpeedup!听力速记1、不要大量记录文字（汉字、单词）“powerfulcountry”记作“强口”“我同意”记作“I√”；“观点，看法一致”记作“⊙same”，“economicdevelopment”记作“经↑”↓表示“下降、减少、急剧下降、急速下跌等”；↗表示“缓慢上升，缓慢发展、缓慢上涨←表示“返回，倒退等”;→表示“达到，至，导致，前进等”；+表示“加，增加，此外，另外，又—表示“减少，减”；＞表示“多于，大于，强于”；＜表示“少于，小于，不如”；∵表示“因为，由于”；+表示多:many,lotsof,agreatdealof,agoodmanyof,etc.++(+2)表示多的比较级：more+3表示多的最高级：most－表示少:little,few,lack,inshortof/beinshortageofetc.×表示错误、失误和坏的概念：wrong/incorrect，somethingbad，notorious，negative,etc.表示多于概念：bigger/larger/greater/morethan/betterthan,etc.表示高概念：superiorto，surpass,etc.:表示各种各样说的动词：say,speak,talk,marks,announce,declare,etc.?表示“问题”：question，issue，例如：消费心理问题就是psych?∧表示转折(dot)这个点的位置不同表示的概念也不一样.d表示yesterday,.y表示lastyear,.2m表示twomonthago。y表示thisyear,y2.twoyearlater,nextweek,可以表示为wk.表示少于概念：less/smaller，etc.表示低概念：inferiorto，etc.=表示同等概念：means，thatistosay，inotherwords，thesameas，beequalto,etc.表示对手概念：amatch,rival,competitor,counterpart,etc.()表示在......之间：among,within,etc.≠表示不同概念：bedifferentfrom,etc.表示无敌概念：matchless,peerless,etc.～表示大约概念：about/around，orso，approximately,etc./表示否定，消除等概念：crossout,eliminate,etc.2.缩略原则•拿掉所有元音•MKT•MSG•MGR•STD•RVC•DPT•PRFS•保留前字母•INFO•INS•appre•IOU•I/O•保留开头和结尾发音字母•WK•RM•TM•发音相近•Are=R•4=FORFOUR•U=YOU•THRU=through•2=toG=ing•Ing不需要记录•CKG•Estg•Decrg•ExptgAddresses•Usetheseabbreviationsonlyinaddressesoraspartofaformalname–St.Ave.Rd.–Ltd.Co.Inc.•Postalabbreviations•SHBJNYCADates•Writeoutnamesofdaysandmonths–Monday,Friday,May,December•Usetheseabbreviationsonlywithspecificdatesandtimes–B.C.orB.C.E.(BeforeCommonEra)–A.D.orC.E.A.M.P.M.ora.m.p.m.–CSTPSTGMTMTPersonalTitles•Abbreviatetitlesusedwithnames–Mr.Mrs.Ms.Dr.Prof.Rev.Fr.(beforethename)–Sr.Jr.M.A.Ph.D.C.P.A.(afterthename)LatinAbbreviations•UseLatinabbreviationssparingi.e.IdestThatise.g.ExempligratiaForexampleetc.EtceteraAndsoonvs.versusversusp.s.PostscriptumPostscriptn.b.NotabeneNotewell注意事项•1.尽量简化记得内容•2.不要记录无用词、虚词，a/an,the,•3.养成个人风格•4.熟悉自己使用的符号•5.反复操练Shorthandtraining•Takeoutthenotebook•Drill4•Drill5Drill6•1.Prediction•2.takenotesDrawtherelationship•Drill7:listentothelectures•UsetheMAPhelpyoudrawtherelationshipDrill•Youwilllistentoalectureandthentrytomakenotesinthenotebook.Lecturelistening1.banka)procschkb)…withdrwstdodrc)electfundstranfs2.medcna)recordb)lookaftpatntc)diagns1Xgap2wideklg3usePARAPHRASE•1.重复的词语•2.怎么转述？•3.不能转述？怎么办？对应策略•同意替换•变化语法结构•引用部分原文Example1•ThomasEdisonwasaverycuriouschild,performinghisfirstexperimentwhenhewasthreeoldyearsold.•ThomasEdisonwasaveryinquisitivechild,conductinghisfirstexperimentattheageofthree.同意替换(R&L)•Thecopperhead,asnakethatstrikeswithoutwarning,isconsideredmuchmoredangerousthantherattlesnake.•Attacksregardedtreacherous•BecauseJ.PMorganwasknownasareputableandprudentbusinessman,hewasabletopersuadeotherstoremaininthemarketevenafterthecrashbegun.•Trustworthycarefulconvince•Staystarted•Phosphorsisusedinpaintonhig