高一英语语法归纳总结

chu高一英语语法归纳总结----定语从句的归纳一．几个基本概念1.定语从句的定义：用作定语的从句叫定语从句。2.先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。3.定语从句的位置：紧跟先行词（名词或代词）之后。4.引导词：引导定语从句的词（包括关系代词和关系副词）。﹙1﹚关系代词：that/who/whom/which/as﹙2﹚关系副词：when/where/why5.引导词的位置：位于定语从句之前（先行词之后）。【as除外】6.引导词的功能（作用）：﹙1﹚连接先行词和定语从句。﹙2﹚在定语从句中充当一定的成分（关系代词充当主语或宾语，关系副词充当状语）。7.定语从句的类型：﹙1﹚限定性定语从句（主句和定语从句之间无逗号）。①直接由引导词引导定语从句Themanwhoyou’retalkingtoismyfriend.②由介词+关系代词（whom/which）引导Themantowhomyou’retalkingismyfriend.IneedapenwithwhichIcanwritealetter.=IneedapieceofpaperonwhichIcanwritealetter.介词的选用可根据从句中的相关词组确定，该介词通常可以放在关系代词之前，也可放在从句之尾。例如：Theman(who/whom/that)ItalkedaboutatthemeetingisfromBeijingUniversity.=ThemanaboutwhomItalkedatthemeetingisfromBeijingUniversity.Thepalace(which/that)Ioftenpayavisittowasbuiltinthe17thcentury.=ThepalacetowhichIoftenpayavisitwasbuiltinthe17thcentury.﹙2﹚非限定性定语从句（主句和定语从句之间用逗号隔开）。①直接由引导词引导定语从句。②由介词+关系代词（whom/which）引导。Iliveinahousefarawayfromthecity,infrontofwhichisabigtree.Thereisanappletreestandingatthegate,onwhicharemanyapples.ThisisthemantowhomIgavethebook.③由“代词/名词+of+whom/which”或“ofwhich/whom+名词/代词”(先行词指人用whom,指物用which)引导。One,some,any,none,all,both,several,many,most,neither,either等词、数词、分数或百分比与ofwhom或ofwhich连用。Hehasfivechildren,twoofwhomareabroad.(比较：Hehasfivechildren,andtwoofthemareabroad.)Wehavethreebooks,noneofwhichis/areinteresting.(比较：Wehavethreebooks,butnoneofthemis/areinteresting.)除why和that不能引导非限定性定语从句外，其余引导词都可以，用法同限定性定语从句一样。但要注意以下区别。1.在形式上非限定性定语从句与主句有逗号隔开。2.非限定性定语从句的作用：它只是补充说明先行词的情况，翻译时可译成两个句子。Theengineer,whoselegwasbadlyhurt,wasquicklysenttohospital.（那位工程师被很快送往医院，其腿部受了重伤）Theengineerwhoselegwasbadlyhurtwasquicklysenttohospital.（那位腿部受了重伤的工程师被很快送往医院）3.在非限定性定语从句中，任何引导词都不能省略（包括引导词在此定语从句中充当宾语在内）。指人做主语时只能用who,做宾语时用whom;指物做主语，宾语都用which;关系副词用when或where，也不能省略。Theman,______issittingonthechair,ismyfather.Thewoman,_______Imetyesterday,ismyEnglishteacher.Thecity,_______isfaraway,isverybeautiful.HewenttoAmerica,______hisparentslive.HejoinedtheArmyyesterday,______Ileft,too.4.whose引导非限定性定语从句：Thehouse,whosewindowfacessouth,ismine.=Thehouse,thewindowofwhichfacessouth,ismine.＝Thehouse,ofwhichthewindowfacessouth,ismine.二.定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的基本用法。1.who/that指人是主格在定语从句中代替先行词，又作定语从句的主语，不能省略。Doyouknowthegentlemanwho/thatissittingthere?2.whom/who/that指人是宾格，在定语从句中代替先行词，又作定语从句的宾语（动宾或介宾）。①当作动宾（动词后接宾语）时，关系代词可省略。Doyouknowthegentleman(whom/who/that)wemetjustnow?②当作介宾（介词后接宾语）时：介词不提前时，关系代词可省略；介词提前时，关系代词不可省，即介词＋whom(指人时介词后的关系代词只能用whom)。Theman(whom/who/that)Ispokewithismyteacher.ThemanwithwhomIspokeismyteacher.※注：固定的动词短语（动词+介词）如lookfor,takecareof等不能把动词与介词拆开，既介词不能提至引导词前。Sheistherightgirl(who/whom/that)wearelookingfor.3.whose:指人或物，是所有格“…的”形式。Whose+n.一起在定语从句中充当主语、宾语（动宾或介宾）即先行词的什么东西怎样了，whose不能省略。。Whose+n.=the+n.+ofwhich/whom=ofwhich/whom+the=n.Ididn’tfindthedeskwhoselegwasbroken.（主语）HeisthestudentwhosepencilIbrokeyesterday.（动宾）ThebossinwhosecompanyIworkisverykind.（介宾）4.which/that指物，指代先行词且在定语从句中作主语或宾语（动宾或介宾）。①当作动宾时，关系代词可省略。②当作介宾时：介词不提前时，关系代词可省略；介词提前时，关系代词不可省，即介词＋which(指物时介词后的关系代词只能用which)。Thehousewhich/thatwasdestroyedintheearthquakeisweak.Thepen(which/that)youfoundyesterdayismine.Thegames(that/which)theyoungmencompetedinweredifficult.Thegamesinwhichtheyoungmencompetedweredifficult.※注:介词+关系代词即介词+whom/which(先行词指人用whom，指物用which)。※5.as指人或物，在定语从句中可作主语，宾语，表语或状语，不能省略。主要用于“thesame…as…；such…as…；so…as…；as…as…；asfollows”固定结构中，形式固定此时的引导限定性定语从句。要用as代替who(m),which,或that引导定语从句：SuchpeopleasknewHillthoughthewashonest.SuchpeopleasHillknewthoughthewashonest.Myhometownisnolongerthesameasitwas.Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.Thechildknowsasmuchasgrow-ups(know).I’dliketohavethesamebooksasareusedinyourschool.HeisnotsuchapersonasIexpected.Hewillmarryasprettyagirlashecanfind.※注：which和as可引导非限定性定语从句：可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容，which和as都可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容，有时可以互换。因此，当as/which指代前面的整个句子，或前句中的部分内容作定语从句的主语时，谓语用单数．Ourteamlostthegame,as/whichwasreportedinthenewspaper.Shewasterrified,as/whichIcouldseefromhereyes.Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.区别：①as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句前面、插在主句中间或放在主句末尾；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句后面。Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.=Aswasnatural,hemarriedher.MarkTwinisagreatwriter,which/asisknowntoall.=Asisknowntoall,MarkTwinisagreatwriter.②as引导的从句有“正如”、“正像”之意，而which则无此意。常用句型有：asweallknow,asisknowntoall,aseverybodycansee,asisexpected,Asisknown/said/reported/told/weallknow等。如：Asweallknow,paperwasfirstmadeinChina.Toshutyoureyestofacts,asmanyofyoudo,isfoolish.③主句和从句有因果关系时，用which.Ourclasshaswonthefootballmatch,whichmadeusveryhappy.Bamboosarehollow,whichmakesthemverylight.④从句含否定意义时常用which.Shedidn’tpasstheexam,whichwecouldn’texpect.Shedidn’tpasstheexam,asweexpected.6.when关系副词：指时间。在定语从句中作时间状语，不能省略。此时的when还可用介词+which替换（此时先行词一定是表时间的名词）。IstillrememberthetimewhenIjoinedtheLeague.＝IstillrememberthetimeonwhichIjoinedtheLeague.＝Istillrememberthetime(which/that)IjoinedtheLeagueon.7.where关系副词：指地点。在定语从句中作地点状语，不能省略。此时的when还可用介词+which替换（此时先行词一定是表地点的名词）。IstillremembertheschoolwhereIjoinedtheLeague.＝IstillremembertheschoolinwhichIjoinedtheLeague.＝Istillremembertheschool(which/that)IjoinedtheLeaguein.※注：对关系副词when,where的认识。①.先行词是时间的名词，并非都用关系副词when引导定语从句。I’llneverforge