HOW TO WRITE AN ENGLISH ABSTRACT FOR A PAPER

HOWTOWRITEANENGLISHABSTRACTFORAPAPERWhyEnglishAbstract•NecessaryforforeignexchangeasmajorityofourpapersonscienceandtechnologyhavebeenpublishedinChineseatnationalperiodicals.•Abstractisapartofthepaperwhichismostfrequentlyreadbymostreaders.•Abstractsareusuallyincludedininternationaldatabaseorcitationindex.摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记叙文献重要内容的短文。英文摘要作为科技论文的重要组成部分，有其特殊的意义和作用，它是国际间知识传播、学术交流与合作的桥梁和媒介。目前国际上各主要检索机构的数据库对英文摘要的依赖性很强。因此，好的英文摘要对于增加期刊和论文的被检索和引用机会、吸引读者、扩大影响起着重要作用。摘要是对论文主体的高度浓缩并具有以下特点•连贯、简明、独立•顺序体现论文的目的、方法、结果、结论和建议•各部分间的联系和转换需严谨、合逻辑•不能添加（研究）论文涉及范围以外的新的信息•能被更加广泛的读者所理解•通常用被动语态，弱化作者、强化信息Title•Tobesuccinct,explicit,andconspicuous.•Canbeasentenceoraninterrogativesentenceoccasionally.•Canusesubtitle:-Abdominalpainintheemergencyroom:Astudyof188consecutivecases(numberofcases)-AcuteinfectionofSchistosomajaponicuminlakeregion:Retrospectivestudyof96cases(method)-Diabetesmillitus:Newdiagnosticcriteria(keycontent)-Pyronaridine:Anewdrugforchloroquine-resistantfalciparummalaria(equalrelation)-Chemotherapyofmurinemalaria:I.…(II.III.)(studyseries)Title(cont’d)•ExpressionofsomeChinesewords:探讨(discussion,evaluation,approach,study,exploration,investigation)体会(experience)总结(experience,summaryreport)问题(aspect,problem)初步(preliminary,国外少用).Thesecanoftenbeomitted.•Omitarticle“the”,“a”beforeanounoradiseasename.•Wordcollocation:Study,report,survey,observation等可后接介词of,on,也可用in.对题名的基本要求•准确(Accuracy)避免使用非定量的、含义不明的词（如rapid,new等），力求具有专指性。•简洁(Brevity)10-12个单词为好，或不超过100个英文字符（含空格）。删去不必要的冠词（a,the）及说明性“冗词”（如Analysisof,Evaluationof,Studiesof,…）。内容层次较多、难以简化时，可采用主、副题名相结合的方法。•清楚(Clarity)尽可能将表达核心内容的主题词放在题名开头。慎重使用缩略语。避免使用化学式、角标、特殊符号、非常用的专业术语、专利名等等。TypesofAbstract•Descriptive(Informative)Abstract(描述性、资料性摘要).Suchasthoseinmanywesternjournals.•IndicativeAbstract(通报性或说明性摘要).SuchastheoneinTrendsinParasitology.•StructuralAbstract(结构式摘要).Mostlyconsistedoffourparagraphs:Objective(purpose,background),Method,Results(Findings),andConclusion(Interpretation).AlljournalsintheseriesofCMAandCPMAfollowthispattern.SomeGrammaticalUsages•Usethethirdpersoninsteadofthefirstperson•Usemorepassivevoicethanactivevoice•Pasttenseismoreusedindescribingwhathappenedinthestudyprocess(objective,method,result);Presenttenseisusedinbackground(currentstatus),andinconclusion.CommonlyUsedVerbsinObjective•Tostudy,investigate,survey,observe,search(for,into),analyze•Toexamine,assess,explore•Toconsider,deliberate,discuss•Tounderstand,learn,evaluate,reveal•Toascertain,confirm,demonstrate,prove,verify,determine•Toestablish,develop,formCommonExpressionsinObjective•Thepurpose(objective,aim)ofthisstudy(report,review,paper,thepresentresearch)wasto…•Thisinvestigationwasdesigned(undertaken,made,done,carriedout,conducted)to…•Attemptsweremadeto…Thestudyherereportedwasundertakento…•Inanattemptto…Inaneffortto…Inorderto…CommonExpressionsinConclusion•Itisconcludedthat…•Itissuggestedthat;Theresultssuggestthat;Theauthorssuggest;Thisreport(analysis)suggests;Theseobservationssuggest;Thedataobtainedstronglysuggest•Theresultsshow(prove)that;Thisstudyindicates(demonstrates,reveals,illustrates)that•Theauthorsfeel(believe,consider,deem,propose)that•Thiscasepointsout;TheresultssupportCommonExpressionsinConclusion•Itisproposed(recommended,thought)that•Thedatareceivedfailtoconfirmthat•Itissuspectedthat•Theauthorisoftheopinionthat;Totheauthors’knowledge(experience),…注意:在动词为”建议”时(suggest,recommend,propose),从句中谓语动词用不带to的不定式。例如:•Itissuggestedthatthecriteria(should)berevised.•Itisrecommendedthatacombinationofantimalarialdrugscontainingartemisininoritsanalogbeusedforthetreatmentoffalciparummalaria.PointsNeedingAttention•EnglishabstractinaChinesearticleshouldcoverallimportantdata/results.•Notable/figure,noreference,lessabbreviationsexceptthosewell-knownsuchasDNA,ELISA.•Donotuse:veryeffective,completelyeradicated,neverreportedintheliterature,abreakthrough,newtheory,newdiscovery,thefirstreport……AboutNumber&Amount•大数中的小数。Tenof110patientsundergoingoperationsrequiredreoperation.Of70previouslyuntreatedcases,5havediedofcomplicatedfalciparummalaria.Fiveoutof18patientscomplainedabdominalpaindueto…Among25patientswhounderwenthepaticsurgery,3died.•另加数和其余数。Another3mice…Theother2dogs……threeothers…Anadditional50cases…Theremaining6cases…Theremainder…AboutNumber&Amount•集团数。Atotalof…Aseriesof…Agroupof…•平均数与中位数。Average,mean,median可用作动词(average)、形容词、名词。-Survivalfollowingsplenectomyaveraged25.5months.-Onthe3rddayfollowinginjury,urinevolumesaveragingfrom100to150mlper24hourswereobtained.-Theaverageageofthepatientsis45.-Anaveragewormreductionof35%wasobserved.-Among66patientsintheseries,35lostanaverageof10kg.-Theeggreductionraterangedfrom82%to98%withanaverageof92%.关于“中等、中度”•middle(表示位置、年龄：themiddleofamonth,themiddleofaroom,middleage)•medium(用于剂量、大小：mediumdose,mediumfrequency,medium-sized.又作：媒介物，培养基）•moderate(表示温和、适度，如疾病程度等：moderateincome)•intermediate(中间产物、阶段：intermediatehost)AboutNumber&Amount•动词+数词。（占）accountfor,represent,occupy（一般跟%）•百分数。5%glucose,5%ofthecases•善用respectively。Thesensitivity,specificityandpredictiveaccuracywere85%,98%and98%res