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高级矿床学-斑岩型矿床斑岩铜矿斑岩铜矿(Porphyrycopperdeposits)为世界提供了50%以上的铜金属(over100producingmines)。Theircloserelativestheporphyrymolydepositsproduce70%oftheworld'smoly.Bothdeposittypeswillbediscussedseparately,buttheysharemanycharacteristicsandareformedinsomewhatsimilarmanners.全球斑岩铜矿分布图绝大多数斑岩铜矿形成于中新生代,与离散板块边缘上及附近的火山链有关(环太平洋、古地中海和古亚洲洋)。极少数为古生代,分布在古生代板块边缘上,如U.S.S.R、UnitedStates。全球已知最大的88个斑岩铜矿产于美国西南部,成矿时代为58-72Ma。岩体形态典型斑岩铜矿床呈圆筒状,产于岩株状岩体中,出露面积为1.5x2km(椭圆状),核部为斑岩质,向外到边部为中—粗粒等粒的成分相似的岩石。主岩岩石学一般地,容矿主岩为长英质侵入体,成分为石英正长岩、石英二长岩、花岗闪长岩系列;闪长岩—正长岩系列热液蚀变LowellandGuilbert总结的斑岩铜矿蚀变模式,围绕斑岩株依次出现4个蚀变晕•钾化带-都存在。特征:次生的钾长石、黑云母和/或绿泥石交代原生的钾长石、斜长石和镁铁质,及微量的绢云母。绢英岩化带–可存在。特征:脉石英、绢云母、黄铁矿和微量绿泥石、伊利石和金红石,交代钾长石和黑云母。泥化带(Argillic)-可存在。特征:高岭石、蒙脱石等粘土矿物及微量浸染黄铁矿。斜长石强烈蚀变、钾长石不受影响,黑云母绿泥石化。青盘岩化带(Propylitic)-都存在。特征:绿泥石、方解石、微量绿帘石。镁铁质矿物强烈蚀变,斜长石消失。在深部,上述各带融为一体,构成石英-钾长石-绢云母-绿泥石组合。HypogeneMineralization矿体产出环境:1)整个岩株内;2)部分岩株部分围岩;3)仅在围岩内矿体通常为陡壁圆筒状,也有板状、扁圆锥状(tabulartoflatconical)矿化为浸染状或细网脉状,铜品位0.4-1%Cu,含微量Mo和gold。矿化呈带状:InnerZone–与钾化带吻合,一般直径数百米,相对地硫低,但钼最高。黄铁矿2-5%,py/cp比约3:1。矿化为浸染状而非细网脉状。OreZone–大致分布在potassic-phyllic带边界上,黄铁矿5-10%,py/cp比约2.5:1。主要矿物为黄铜矿,呈细网脉状。其他矿物有斑铜矿、硫砷铜矿和辉铜矿。PyriteZone–包括phyllicandargillic(若存在)的大部。黄铁矿相当高,可达10-15,py/cp比约15:1。矿化即有浸染状又有脉状。许多附加的外来硫化物相开始出现在上部。OuterZone–与propyliticzone吻合。黄铁矿微量,铜矿物稀有。闪锌矿和方铅矿常见,但常为边界品位级。矿化为脉状。BrecciaZones-Oftenmajororecarriersintheporphyrysystem.Haveveryhighgrades(2-5%Cu)andcanoccurbothintheporphyryorthecountryrock.Maybeformedbyhydrothermalactivity,gravitationalcollapseorlaterexplosivevolcanism.在成矿区带上,斑岩铜矿、钼矿和锡矿明显呈带状分布,与距板块俯冲带的距离有关,铜矿离海沟最近,而钼锡依次分布在海沟内侧。VerticalExtentofPorphyryBodies斑岩铜矿与小高位小岩株和陆相钙碱性火山作用有关。因而侵入体为层火山所覆盖,青盘岩化延展到火山岩中,其它蚀变于其界面处。一般地,此模式说明斑岩铜矿是更大的成矿体系的一部分,包括高位浅成低温贵金属矿床。闪长岩模式斑岩矿床有两个不同的体系:其一为“LowellandGuilberttype”,以美国西南部以石英二长岩-花岗闪长岩为特征。其二为AndesandPacificIslands.主岩为闪长岩,偶为正长岩。两者的特征对比见表。闪长岩体系的特征为:低硫逸度,存在磁铁矿,蚀变仅有钾化带和青盘岩化带,金为重要组分,而钼稀有或缺失。ComparisonoftheLowell-GuilbertandDioriteTypesofPorphyryCopperDepositsFEATURELOWELL-GUILBERTDIORITEHostPlutonQuartzMonzonitetoGranodiorite(S)Qtz.DioritetoDiorite(I)AlterationPotassicPhyllicArgillicPropyliticPotassicPropyliticMineralizationQuartzinfracturesCommonCommonErraticOrthoclaseinfracturesCommonErraticMagnetiteMinorCommonPyriteinfracturesCommonLessCommonMolybdeniteCommonRareChalcopyrite/bornite3:13:1GoldRareImportantStructureBrecciaMayOccurRareStockworkImportantImportant这些差异可以理解为:日本岛弧侵入体没有斑岩铜矿,在岩相学上他们属于两类花岗岩(“S”and“I”type)。前者为陆壳深熔作用形成的,后者为板块俯冲期间部分熔融的最后阶段的分异产物。CharacteristicsofS&ITypeGranitesFEATURESTYPEITYPEGabbro:diorite:granite2:18:8015:50:35Na2O(felsic)3.2%3.2%Al2O3/Alkalis+CaO1:11:1Ironoxideilmenitemagnetite87Sr/86Sr.706.704-.706NormativecorundumdiopsideAssoc.metalsSn,WAuGenesisCrustalanatexisofsedimentsPartialmeltofmantleSandItypegranites的特征对比,与LowellandGuilbertandDiorite斑岩矿床所揭示的特征相似。闪长岩模式的矿床形成于大洋岩石圈俯冲所致的部分熔融作用,而LowellandGuilbert模式矿床代表远离板块边界陆壳的熔融作用。成因典型斑岩体系的最明显特征是其大小。热液不仅渗透到母侵入体中,而且渗透至围岩中。认为容矿岩体侵入至浅部(0.5-2km深)。侵入体结晶开始时,岩浆房的蒸汽压随不相容元素进入蒸汽相而增大,当蒸汽压超过上覆岩石的围压时发生退化沸腾。快速沸腾的液体最终克服岩石的拉伸强度从硅酸盐熔体中分离出来,导致强烈的网脉状角砾化(如:waterat2Kb压力和5000C的水由于沸腾体积增加至少10%)。此外,沸腾是吸热反应,正在逸出的蒸汽膨胀时需要岩浆中的热,因而,快速降低了岩浆房中的温度,,形成侵入体中心的斑状结构。流体包裹体证据氧同位素研究表明钾化带黑云母的值与岩浆水相当,而绢英岩化带的绢云母亏损18O,表明为天水。泥化带也是如此。1)侵入体上升至地壳开始结晶;2)岩浆热液对流在侵入体内和附近形成钾化带;3)围岩中的天水对流形成青盘岩化,对流由侵入体热所驱动;4)随着侵入体的冷却,天水体系叠加至岩浆体系之上,形成phyllic-argillicalterationzones。问题:1)为什么闪长岩模式矿床仅有potassic-propyliticalteration?2)为什么闪长岩模式岩浆水-天水系统从不互相侵入?BinghamCanyon,UtahLocationLiesabout30kmsouthwestofSaltLakeCity,Utahatanaltitudeof2000meters.FromahistoricperspectiveoneofthemostfamousminesintheUnitedStates.RegionalGeologyBinghamissituatedintheBasinandRangetectonicprovince.TheOquirrahMountainsformahorstblockoffoldedPaleozoicrocksboundedbynorthtrendingfaults.TheprincipalcountryrocksarePennsylvanianquartzitesandlimestonesfoldedandintrudedduringtheMesozoic.TheorebodyitselfoccursinoneofaseriesofsmallerhorstsboundedbythenorthwesttrendingBearandOccidentalFaultswhichupliftthenortheasttrendingCoppertonAnticline.MineralizationisinoradjacenttotheBinghamstock,aporphyriticgranodiorite.Theslightlyyounger(?)LastChancestocktothesouthisbarren.BothhavebeenagedatedatEocene.TherearethreetypesofmineralizationintheOquirrahMountainsalluvialgoldAg-richgalenaandsphaleriteveinsinlimestonesporphyrycoppermineralizationGeologyoftheBinghamCanyonPorphyryCopperDepositThedepositoccursinatriangularzoneofdisseminatedandveinletcoppersulfidemineralization1.5x2.5kminplanandatleast500metersinthickness.Themajorityoftheoreisinthegranodiorite,butsubstantialreservesarepresentinthemetamorphosedPaleozoics.Theoriginalhostintrusivewasagranodiorite,butsubsequenthydrothermalalterationhasresultedinarockmorecloselyapproximatingagranite.Thestockhasawelldefinedpotassicalterationzonecharacterizedbysecondarybiotite,poorlydefinedphyllicalterationandaspottyandirregularpropyliticalterationzone.Argillicalterationisabsent.Extensivebrecciationofboththeintrusiveandcountryrockiscommon.Theprimarymineralizationaverages1-4%oftherock.Thecoreoftheintrusiveismolyrichwithpyriteabundantonlyinthephylliczone.Chalcopyriteandminorbornitearetheonlyprimarycoppersulf
本文标题:高级矿床学8找矿案例斑岩矿床
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