意象图式 课件

程文文OutlineI.DefinitionstoImageSchemaII.MajorTypesofImageSchemaIII.PropertiesofImageSchemaI.Whatisanimageschema?--thedefinitiontoanimageschemaGeorgeLakoffMarkJohnsonMetaphorsWeLiveBy(1980)Imageschemasarerelativelysimplestructuresthatconstantlyrecurinourbodilyexperience(意象图式是我们日常身体经验中反复出现的比较简单的结构)---(1987)GeorgeLakoff“Arecurring,dynamicpatternofourperceptualinteractionsandmotorprogramsthatgivescoherenceandstructuretoourexperience”.（意象图式是在我们感知互动和运动程序中一种反复出现的、动态的式样，可为我们的经验提供连贯性和结构性）---(1987)MarkJohnsonBasicIdeaoftheDefinition1.Humanbodilymovement,manipulationofobjects,andperceptualinteractions↓abstractstructuresofimages(人类的身体运动、对物体的操纵和感知互动包含有反复出现的样式，如果没有这种样式，我们的经验将变得一团糟，并不可理解。这种样式就是“意象图式”，因为他们主要起意象性抽象结构的功能)2.becauseofourphysicalexperienceofbeingandactingintheworld—ofperceivingtheenvironment,movingourbodies,exertingandexperiencingforce,etc.—weformbasicconceptualstructureswhichwethenusetoorganizethoughtacrossarangeofmoreabstractdomains.Thus,imageschemasderivefromsensoryandperceptualexperienceasweinteractwithandmoveaboutintheworld.Theterm“image”inimageschemaApsychologicalterm,referringtoakindofmentalrepresentationwhichrelatestoandderivesfromoursensoryandperceptualexperienceoftheexternalworld.Theterm‘schema’in‘imageschema’“Schema”in“imageschema”meansimageschemasarenotrichordetailedconcepts,butratherabstractconceptualstructuresconsistingofpatternsemergingfromrepeatedinstancesofembodiedexperience.Forexample,wordslike“things”or“containers”aremoreschematicthan“pencil”or“teacup”.Thus,imageschemasaremoreabstractthanimages,becausetheyareschematicstructures/gestaltsofimages.Itisgenerallyagreedbycognitivelinguiststhatimageschemasderivefromsensoryandperceptualexperiencesasweinteractwithandmoveaboutintheworld.Basically,theformationofimageschemascanbeillustratedasfollows:sensation→perception→images→imageschemasII.MajorTypesofImageSchema“TheBodyintheMind”:CONTAINERBALANCECOMPULSIONBLOCKAGECOUNTERFORCERESTRAINTREMOVALENABLEMENTATTRACTIONMASS-COUNTPATHLINKCENTRE-PERIPHERYCYCLENEAR-FARSCALEPART-WHOLEMERGINGSPLITTINGFULL-EMPTYMATCHINGSUPERPOSITIONITERATIONCONTACTPROCESSSURFACEOBJECTCOLLECTIONCONTAINERSCHEMA容器图式Thestartofanordinaryday:Youwakeoutofadeepsleepandpeeroutfrombeneaththecoversintoyourroom.Yougraduallyemergeoutofyourstupor,pullyourselfoutfromunderthecovers,climbintoyourrobe,stretchoutyourlimbs,andwalkinadazeoutofthebedroomandintothebathroom.Youlookinthemirrorandseeyourfacestaringoutatyou.Youreachintothemedicinecabinet,takeoutthetoothpaste,squeezeoutsometoothpaste,putthetoothbrushintoyourmouth,brushyourteethinahurry,andrinseoutyourmouth.(Johnson1987:331;ouritalicsdifferfromtheoriginal)Asthisexamplerevealsbytherecurrentuseoftheexpressionsinandout,agreatnumberofeverydayobjectsandexperiencesarecategorisedasspecificinstancesoftheschematicconceptCONTAINER:notonlyobviouscontainerslikebathroomcabinetsandtoothpastetubesorlessobvious‘containers’likebed-covers,clothingandrooms,butalsostateslikesleep,stuporanddaze.①Itookoutabottleofmilkfromtherefrigerator.②Ipouredthemilkoutofthebottle.③Ipouredthemilkintoacup.④Iputthemoneyintomypocket,walkedoutofthebankandgotintothecar.↓CONTAINERSCHEMA↓↓↓“interior”,“exterior”“boundary”CONTAINERSCHEMAHumanbodiesarealsospecificinstancesoftheschematicconcept“container”,sowehavesuchexpressionsas“breatheout”,“breathein”,“takein”,etc.PATHSCHEMA路径图式a.SOURCEJohnleft[England].b.GOALJohntravelled[toFrance].c.SOURCE-GOALJohntravelled[fromEngland][toFrance].d.PATH-GOALJohntravelled[throughtheChunnel][toFrance].e.SOURCE-PATH-GOALJohntravelled[fromEngland][throughtheChunnel][toFrance].structuralelements:Asource,adestination,apath,andadirectionIII.PropertiesofImageSchemas1.Imageschemasaredirectlymeaningful(“experiential”/“embodied”),pre-conceptualstructures2.Imageschemasarehighlyschematicgestaltswhichcapturethecontoursofsensory-motorexperience,integratinginformationfrommultiplemodalities.3.Imageschemasexistascontinuousandanaloguepatterns.4.Imageschemas,asgestalts,arebothinternallystructured.Tosumup,1.imageschemasareembodied(derivingfrombodilyexperience).2.imageschemasarepre-conceptual(formedpriortoconcepts)3.imageschemasareabstract.4.imageschemasaredynamicandflexiblewithrelativestablestructures.Thankyou!