语法――省略和替代、直接引语和间接引语

1.名词性替代用名词替代词one/ones,thesame,thekind,thesort等所表示的替代现象叫做名词性替代。例如：Thechilddoesn’tlikethisbook.Showhimamoreinterestingone.A:I’llhavetwopoachedeggsontoast,please.B:I’dlikethesame.AmericanfoodisnotthesameastheEnglishkind.Slangdisappearsquickly,especiallythejuvenilesort.(one=book)(thesame=twopoachedeggsontoast)(kind=food)(sort=slang)替代词one/ones的用法Ihaven’tgotaraincoat.I’llhavetobuyaraincoat.Iloseaneighborandyougainaneighbor.Ifyouwantadrink,I’llgetyouadrink.CanIhaveamelon?I’dlikeabigone.Thesoundisafamiliarone.…I’llhavetobuyone.…andyougainone.…I’llgetyouone.One替代单数名词时，通常代表一个带不定冠词的名词或名词短语，因此在one之前不能直接加不定冠词。例如不说：*…I’llhavetobuyaone.当one之前有修饰语时，则应该加不定冠词。Wouldyouliketheredoneortheblueone?Who’sthatgirl——theonesittinginthecorner?Yourcarisn’tfastenough.Let’stakehis.(*hisone)Yourcarisn’tfastenough.Let’stakehisnewone.Thisismysuitandthatismybrother’s.(*mybrother’sone)Thisismynewsuitandthatismybrother’soldone.当one带有前置或后置修饰语时，还可加定冠词或属格代词。Ihaveanewdictionaryandseveralolddictionaries.Idon’tlikeredroses.Ilikethewhiteroses.Myshoesaresimilartotheshoesyouhadonyesterday.I’vecaughtseveralsmallfishandtwobigfish.…andseveraloldones.…Ilikethewhiteones.…totheonesyouhadonyesterday.Ones不单独使用，总是带有限定词和前置或后置修饰语。在基数词、some、several等后面，必须先加修饰语才可跟ones。…andtwobigones.省略one/ones的情况：当one/ones带有this,that,these,those,which,either,neither,another,thelast,thenext等限定词时。例如：Judybrokethecoffeepot,soshehastobuyanother(one).Someofyouranswerswerecorrect,butIdon’tknowwhich(ones).当one/ones之前带有定冠词以及和上文形成对比的形容词时。例如：Thenewchapelwillbeliketheold(one).Ipreferthelargebottletothesmall(one).Ipreferalargebottletoasmallone.当one/ones之前有比较级和最高级形容词时。例如：Wehavetousethismachineforwantofabetter(one).Ifyouofferhimcookies,hewilltakeahandfulofthebiggest(ones).替代词one、类指代词one、数词one试比较：Onecan’tbetoocarefulinmatterslikethis.Myoldcarismuchbetterthanthenewone.Onecannotdotheworkoftwenty.类指代词替代词数词名词性替代词还包括一些不定代词，如all,both,some,any,enough,several,none,many,much,more,(the)most,(a)few,(a)little,less,(the)least,another,theother,others,either,neither等。例如：Canyougivemeafewnails?Ineedsome.WeofferedJackacupofcoffee,buthedidn’twantany.Idon’twantanymorefood.I’vehadenough.Usethistypewriter;alltheothersarebeingrepaired.(some=somenails)(any=anycoffee)(enough=enoughfood)(others=othertypewriters)2.动词性替代用动词替代词或代动词do,doso等表示的替代现象叫做动词性替代。例如：A:Weallhatehypocrisy.B:Yes,everybodydoes.A:DoesGrannylookafteryoueveryday?B:Shecan’tdoatweekends.A:Havetheymovedtheirfurniture?B:Theyhavedonethedesk,butthat’sallsofar.(does=hateshypocrisy)(do=lookafterme)(done=moved)Do可以替代除be和have（作“有”解）以外的任何主动词。例如：Sheplaysthepianobetterthansheplaystheguitar.JohnspeaksFrenchasfluentlyashespeaksGerman.Marystudiesmodernhistoryanddoesn’tstudymodernlanguages.…thanshedoestheguitar.…ashedoesGerman.…anddoesn’tdomodernlanguages.Doso既可替代“动词－宾语”结构，也可替代“动词－状语”结构。例如：Heaskedmetostopthecar,andIdidsoatonce.Hesmokesalot.Doeshisbrotherdoso?Doso常用于表示一些自愿的、故意的行为，因此有enjoy,know,like,lost,remember,want之类的动词构成的短语不能被doso替代。例如：Helosthermoney.Iwasn’tsurprisedthathedid.Doso有时可以和dothat，doit交替使用。例如：Theboysplayeddoctorsandnurses.Wewatchedthemdoingthat(=playingdoctorsandnurses)buttheywantedustodoso(=toplaydoctorsandnurses),too.(didso=stoppedthecar)(doso=smokealot)So+助动词/be+主语在简短反应中表示“我也如此”或“另外一个人也如此”。例如：A:Ilikeplayingfootball.B:SodoI.Sodoesmybrother.Neither/Nor+助动词/be+主语在简短反应中表示“我也不”或“另一个人也不”。例如：A:Hedoesn’tspeakRussian.B:Neither/NordoI.Neither/Nordoesmybrother.(=Ilikeplayingfootballtoo.)(=Mybrotherlikesplayingfootballtoo.)(=Idon’tspeakRussian,either.)(=Mybrotherdoesn’tspeakRussian,either.)So+主语+助动词/be在简短反应中表示对别人所说的情况加以肯定。例如：A:Thestudentsworkhard.B:Sotheydo.A:Johnsmokesalot.B:Sohedoes.A:Father,youpromised.B:Well,soIdid!(=Certainlytheyworkhard.)(=Hesmokesalotindeed.)(=CertainlyIpromised.)3.分句性替代用分句替代词so/not替代整个分句的现象叫做分句性替代，通常用于一些表示看法或意见的动词如believe,expect,guess,think,imagine等。例如：A:Doyouthinkhe’llcometomorrow.B:Yes,Ithinkso.No,Ithinknot/Idon’tthinkso.表示说话的动词say和tell后面可以跟替代词so，但不跟替代词not。例如：A:TheYankeeswillwinthegame.B:Allmyfriendssayso.A:Howdoyouknowthathe’sleavingsoon.B:Hetoldmeso.分句替代词so/not还可以跟从属连词if搭配，构成无动词分句ifso,ifnot。例如：Willthatbeenough?Ifso,donotaskformore.I’llgoifyouaregoing——ifnot,I’dratherstayathome.Evenso表示“尽管如此”，其中so代表了前面所说的情况。例如：Itisraining,butevensowehavetogoout.(Ifso=Ifthatisenough)(ifnot=ifyouarenotgoing)(evenso=evenitisraining)有时，分句替代词so可置于句首，起承接作用，表示说话者对自己的话不肯定。例如：A:He’sleavingforLondontonight,youknow?B:SoI’veheard.It’sgoingtobeacoldwinter,orsothenewspapersays.分句代词not可与perhaps,possibly,probably,certainly,surely等副词搭配，构成某些缩略句。例如：A:Isyourbrothergoingwithyou?B:Perhapsnot.A:Doesshereallyknowhim?B:Surelynot.(Perhapsnot=Perhapsheisnotgoingwithme)(Surelynot=Surelyshedoesnotknowhim)4.省略Hetookherhandandhelendhertowardsthehouse.Shesweptthefloorandpolishedthefloor.Iamyourfriend,andwillstillbeyourfriend.Youcouldhavecomeandyoucouldhavetoldme.I’llhavesoupfirstandthenI’llhavethechicken.Youcanplayinthegarden,butyoumustn’tplayinthegarage.Iknowhisfather,butIdonotknowhismother.Youcanuseredpaintorblackpaint.I’veheardaboutyouradventuresandreadaboutyouradventures.Bobisboredwithmusi