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词类内涵错误(MisunderstandingofConnotation)对词语的内涵理解错误,包括词义的褒贬和使用场合。例1:Myexcusesareasfollows.剖析:作者对该句中的excuses(借口,托词,辩解)的内涵理解错了,没注意到它是贬义词。改为:Myreasonsareasfollows.例2:Peopleholddifferentattitudestowardsthespot.剖析:只记得spot(小点,污点,地点,场所)有“点”的意思就拿来用了。改为:Peopleholddifferentattitudestowardsthetopic/issue/problem.词类错误(FailureinPartsofSpeech)只记得汉语意思,忽视词语的类别和句中的语法作用,把名词当动词用,形容词当名词用,等等。例1:Itbringsconvenientandcomfortable.剖析:此句中的convenient和comfortable都是形容词,不可以做宾语。改为:Itbringsconvenienceandcomfort.例2:Wearenotdoingenoughinpreventingtheenvironmentfrombeenpolluted.剖析:这里的been是be的完成时态形式,只能是谓语的一部分,不可以做from的宾语。改为:Wearenotdoingenoughinpreventingtheenvironmentfrombeingpolluted.介词错误(FaultyPreposition)介词的固定搭配也是写作中常见的错误。例如:…sothatwecanliveinabetterearth.以及inthesametime剖析:这两处都出现了介词错误。改为:…sothatwecanliveonabetterearth.和atthesametime把词语的结构用错(FaultyStructure)记单词时如果习惯只记词义而忽视结构,到写文章时就会出这样的错。例1:Itissurethat…剖析:sure用在这里算语法错误,somebodybesureof/that可以,itissurethat却不可以。改为:Itiscertainthat…例2:Onecanbeveryconvenientifhehasacar.剖析:convenient的结构错误,它的结构应是it’sconvenientforsbtodosth.改为:Itcanbeveryconvenientifonehasacar.搭配错误(FaultyCollocation)例1:Privatecarstakelotsofproblems.剖析:take和problem一般不搭配在一起。该为:Privatecarsbring/cause/makelotsofproblems.例2:Facingtheenvironmentalquestion,weshoulddosomethingfromourselves.剖析:environmental和question搭配用也不合适,这样的问题是要用实际行动解决的,而不是口头上回答就可以的。通常的搭配是toansweraquestion,tosolveaproblem,tosettleamatter.改为:Facingtheenvironmentalproblem,weshoulddosomethingfromourselves短语错误(MisuseofPhrases)短语的意思或者语法结构用错。例1:Somepeoplethinkthatit’sofcoursetohavetheircars.剖析:ofcourse介词短语,相当于副词certainly,naturally,不是形容词,不能充当表语。改为:Somepeoplethinkthatit’suseful/necessary,ofcourse,tohavetheircars.例2:Thewastegaswhichisputtingoutbycarspollutestheair.剖析:putsthout意思是“生产;驶出港口;熄灭”等,没有释放出气体的意思。改为:Thewastegaswhichissentout/givenoffbycarspollutestheair.直接翻译(LiteralTranslation)先有汉语的意思,然后直接找出对应的英文词语来翻译,不知道这个英文词语是否存在。例1:Withtheimprovementoflifelevel,剖析:“生活水平”对应于“lifelevel”是把life和level分别找来放在一起组成的,可实际上人家并不这么用。改为:Withtheimprovementoflivingstandards,例2:Somepeopleareagainstalot.剖析:“非常反对”对应于“againstalot”,against需要带名词或名词短语作宾语。改为:Somepeopleareagainsttheidea.或者Somepeopleareverymuchopposedtotheidea.口语化(ImproperUseofSpokenLanguage)文章一般用书面语,不宜用口语的词语,除非是对话部分。例1:IthinkbusisOKforus.剖析:OK用在这里,过于口语化。改为:Ithinkbusesserveuswell.或者Ithinkweareservedwellwithbuses.例2:Youknow,carfactoriescangiveourcountrymuchmoney;it’sagreatincometoChinesegovernment.剖析:youknow插在句中好像是对话,但是根据其上下文看来并不是对话体裁。所以最好去掉它们。连接词错误(MisuseofConnectives)起连接作用的连词和关系代词、关系副词等出现问题,使得句子的意思和逻辑关系不明了。例如:Moreandmorepeopletakeprivatecars,whichwillbebadfortheirhealth,iftheytakecarsdoeverything.剖析:三个句子的顺序有点乱,which引导的非限制性从句削弱了句子的意思。改为:Ifmoreandmorepeopledrivetheircarstodoeverything,itwillbebadfortheirhealthduetothelackofexercises.一般和抽象词语滥用(OveruseofGeneralandAbstractWords)可能是由于对于具体词汇重视不够,掌握不足,写作时用一般的抽象的词语代替具体词汇。例如:Toomanycarsarenotonlyawasteofresources,剖析:resources范围很广,在可能的情况下可用具体的词语。改为:Toomanycarsarenotonlyawasteofpetrol/petroleum.重复冗余(Wordiness)该错误一般表现为不止一次的表述同一种意思,或者某个词语不必要。例如:needlessrepetition或者Inmyownopinion,Ithink….剖析:上面两个短语中,“repetition”就包含有“needless”的意思,修改的方法是将重复的部分去掉。而“inmyopinion”和“Ithink”的意思一样,保留一个即可。句类句子不完整(SentenceFragments)这种错误主要表现为句子缺少主语或谓语,或将不能独立成句的从句升格为句子。例如:LifeinNewYorkisdangeroustoyourhealth.Particularlywhenyouarewearingagoldchain.剖析:上面的第二句“Particularlywhenyouarewearingagoldchain.”不是一个完整的句子,仅是对第一句补充说明的从句,不能独立成句。修改的方法是将两个句子连接起来。改为:LifeinNewYorkisdangeroustoyourhealth,particularlywhenyouarewearingagoldchain.两谓语动词(DoublePredicate)表现为一个句子中有两个成份以谓语动词的形式出现。例1:Somepeoplearesupporttheidea.剖析:这句中的are和support都是谓语的形式,造成病句,必须去除或改变一个。改为:Somepeoplesupporttheidea.例2:Ontheotherhand,buycarscanhelpourcountrytogetthroughtheworldwideeconomiccrisis.剖析:该句里的buy和canhelp只能保留一个做句子的谓语。改为:Ontheotherhand,buyingcarscanhelpourcountrytogetthroughtheworldwideeconomiccrisis.不一致(Disagreements)这里所说的不一致既包括主谓不一致,也包括时态不一致。例1:Whenonehavemoney,hecandowhathewantto.剖析:上面这句话是典型的主谓不一致,“one”是单数第三人称,因而本句的“have”应改为“has”;同理,“want”应改为“wants”.改为:Whenonehasmoney,hecandowhathewantsto.例2:whensemesterbreakapproaches,thedormsemptiedquickly.剖析:上面这句话是典型的时态不一致,一般来说,除非强调时态的变化,否则一般不随意改变时态。修改的方法是把时态统一起来。改为:whensemesterbreakapproaches,thedormsemptyquickly.代词指代不明确(Ambiguouspronounreference)所有代词的指代一定要明确,否则会给读者带来不小的困扰。例如:Myroommatesmokescigars24hoursaday,andplaysloudtapesatfoura.m.Theydrivemecrazy.剖析:一般来说,代词指代不明确的问题可以通过改变语序或重复所指代的部分得到解决。上面这一句中的“they”指代不清,不知道到底是什么使“I”发疯,根据句子本身的含义,此处的“they”应当理解成其室友的这些坏习惯比较恰当。改为:Myroommatesmokescigars24hoursaday,andsheplaysloudtapesatfoura.m.Herhabitsdrivemecrazy.人称和数转换频繁(ShiftinPersonandNumber)这种错误主要表现在段落中,人称的转换过于频繁。一般来说,表述观点时文章中的人称应当是一致的。例如:Somepeoplebelievethatmoneyisthesourceofhappiness.Withmoney,wecanbuywhateverwewant…Ifyouhaveenoughmoney,youcanalsohelpthepoor…So,theyregardmoneyasthesourceofhappiness.剖析:上面的段落就出现了人称转换过于频繁的问题,从“somepeople”到“we”再到“you”最后再到“they”。修改的方法是将人称的使用尽可能地统一起来。改为:Somepeoplebelievethat…Withmoney,theycanbuy…Iftheyhaveenoughmoney…So,theyregardmoney…悬垂修饰语(DanglingModifiers)这种错误一般出现在句首,看似取代主语,其实句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清。例如:Walkingacrosscampuson
本文标题:写作常见错误
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