心理语言学研究的三个主要方面

Languagecomprehension语言理解——人们如何运用语言、人们如何理解他们所听到的或读到的内容。分两个方面：口语的理解和书面语的理解——语法结构+意义+背景知识（长期记忆中储存的相关信息）。人们对以前的知识是如何应用于语篇和话语之中的提出了不少解释。1）wordrecognition词语的识别词语的识别是理解任何信息的第一步，句子的意义是由句子内部的单词的意义所决定的。另外，词语意义的识别也为决定句子内部其他部分的句法结构提供了信息。如何识别词语的意义？（1）缩小可能听到的词语的范围；（2）根据词语出现的频率（wordfrequency）；（3）根据语境(context)。2）lexicalambiguity词汇歧义的处理：（1）所有的与此词有关的意义都被处理；（2）只有一个意义被最处理。3）syntacticalprocessing句法处理一旦词语的意义被确认，它就被用于构建句法结构，有时这是相当直接的，但有时也会无法决定句子所拥有的结构和意义，特别是对歧义句的处理。。关于gardenpathsentence（“花园曲径”句）：所谓的gardenpathsentence是指最初用错误的句子结构加以理解，但后来发现错了，回过头来从头开始加以理解，重新用另一个结构加以理解，从而正确理解句子的意义，如同迷路于花园小径。如何确定歧义句究竟有哪个结构是阻击处理中的一个重要问题。同样，人们要么考虑所有的可能性并确定哪个最佳，要么运用某种策略来决定哪个结构应该优先考虑MinimalAttachmenttheory（最小接触理论）解释了人们为了提高效率，起初会去构建最为简单（或最不复杂）的句子结构。Discourse/textinterpretation话语/语篇理解话语或语篇作为一种语境，影响着句子与单词层面的解释，并且暗示着在某个方向上对可有的词或词组的解释。在试图理解句子时，人们经常使用句子中本身并不直接包含的信息——语境信息。——有两种类型的语境一般语境（genenralcontext）和具体语境（specificcontext）。一般语境效应一直出现，因为语言理解的核心方面涉及到我们所拥有的所有的知识。具体语境效应则涉及有话语先前部分所获得的信息。LanguageProduction言语的生成人们对语言的理解了解比较多，而对语言的生成的了解相对比较少，个中的原因可能是人们对要理解的材料的控制比较容易，而对人是如何生成语言的控制则要困难得多。语言的生成主要分为言语的产生和书面语产生。1）Speechproduction言语的生成实验方法：谈话录音，然后对录音材料进行分析；收集日常生活中的言语错误(speecherrors)。一，languageproductionInlinguistics,languageproductionistheproductionofspokenorwrittenlanguage.Itdescribesallofthestagesbetweenhavingaconcept,andtranslatingthatconceptintolinguisticform1。StagesofProductionthebasicloopoccurringinthecreationoflanguageconsistsofMessageEncodeMessageintolinguisticformEncodeLinguisticFormintospeech[motorsystem]Soundgoesfromspeaker'smouthtohearer'sear[auditorysystem]SpeechisdecodedintolinguisticformLinguisticformisdecodedintomeaningModelsofProductionSerialModelConnectionistModelSeveralresearchershaveproposedaconnectionistmodel,onenotableexamplebeingDell[citationneeded].Accordingtohisconnectionistmodel,therearefourlayersofprocessingandunderstanding:semantic,syntactic,morphological,andphonological.,etc.Theseworkinparallelandinseries,withactivationateachlevel.Interferenceandmisactivationcanoccuratanyofthesestages.Productionbeginswithconcepts,andcontinuesdownfromthere.Onemightstartwiththeconceptofacat:afour-legged,furry,domesticatedmammalwithwiskersThisconceptualsetwouldattempttofindthecorrespondingword{cat}.Thisselectedwordwouldthenselectmorphologicalandphonologicaldata/k/at/.Thedistinctionofthismodelisthatduringthisprocess,otherelementswouldalsobeprimed;{rat}mightsomewhatprimed,forexample,astheyarephysicallysimilar,andsocancauseconceptualinterference.Errorsmightalsooccuratthephonemelevel,asmanywordsarephoneticallysimilar,e.g.mat.Substitutionsofsimilarconsonantsoundsaremorelikelytooccur,e.g.betweenplosivestopconsonantssuchasd,pandb.Lowerprimedwordsarelesslikelytobechosen,butinterferenceisthoughttooccurincasesofearlyselection,wherethelevelofactivationofthetargetandinterferencewordsisatthesamelevel3AspectsofProductionCanbedefinedinpartbyprosody,whichisshownbyasmoothintonationcontour,andanumberofotherelements:controlofspeechrate,relativetimingofstressedandunstressedsyllables,changesinamplitude,andchangesinfundamentalfrequencyResearchintoproductionTherearetwomaintypesofresearchintospeechproduction.Onetypefocusesonusingtheanalysisofspeecherrors.Theotherlooksatreaction-timedatafrompicture-naminglatencies.Althoughoriginallydisparate,thesetwomethodologiesaregenerallylookingatthesameunderlyingprocessesofspeechproduction.5Speecherrorsnalysisofspeecherrorshasfoundthatnotallarerandom,butrathersystematicandfallintoseveralcategories.Speecherrorsarerelativelyinfrequentinoccurrence(around1/1000words)[citationneeded]andarecategorisedasfollows:Anticipation:Thewordisinthespeaker'smindandreadytobespoken,butthespeakersaysittooquickly.Thiscouldbebecausethespeakerisplanningandholdingwordsintheirmind.Preservation:Thewordretainscharacteristicsofawordsaidpreviouslyinasentence:TaddleTennisinsteadofPaddleTennisBlending:Morethanonewordisbeingconsideredandthetwointendeditemsblendintoasingleitem,perhapsimplyingthespeakeriswafflingbetweenafewwordoptions.ThechildislookingtobespaddledinsteadofspankedorpaddledAddition:addingoflinguisticsmaterial,resultinginwordslikeimplossible.ubstitution:awholewordofrelatedmeaningisreplacinganother.Theseerrorscanbefarapartfromanother,ortargetwords,andaregenerallygrammaticallyconsistentandaccurate.atlowspeedit'stoolight(insteadofheavy)Thepineappleofperfection.Ihaveintercededanotherletterfromthefellow.Malapropism:alaytermreferringtotheincorrectsubstitutionofwords.ItisareferencetoacharacterMrsMalapropfromSheridan'sTheRivals.Makesnodelusionstothepast.Spoonerism:switchingthelettersfromwords.Forexample,thephraseslipsofthetonguecouldbecometipsoftheslung.LanguageAcquisitionLanguageacquisitionisconcernedwithlanguagedevelopmentinhuman.Ingeneral,languageacquisitionreferstochildren’sdevelopmentoftheirfirstlanguage,thatis,thenativelanguageofthecommunityinwhichachildhasbeenbroughtup.Thedevelopmentofafirstornativelanguage(L1)iscalledfirstlanguageacquisition(FLA),andthedevelopmentofasecondorforeignlanguage(L2)secondlanguageacquisition(SLA).1.Firstlanguageacquisition第一語言習得Thecapacity能力,才能