间接言语

IndirectSpeechActs•DirectSpeechact:whenthereisadirectrelationshipbetweenastructureandafunction,wehaveadirectspeechact.(Yule1996:55)•Ibegyounottostayhereforalongtime.•Whenthereisanindirectrelationshipbetweenastructureandafunction,wehaveanindirectspeechact.(Yule1996:55)•一种以言行事通过另一种以言行事的表达方式间接表达。•Thiskindofspeechacts,inwhichoneillocutionaryactisporformedindirectlybywayofperforminganother(Searle1995b:60),Searlecallsindirectspeechacts.•通过另一种施事行为（次要施事行为secondaryillocutionaryact）的方式来间接地实施某一种施事行为（首要施事行为primaryillocutionaryact）。•eg.Canyoupassthesalt?Interrogative(询问),butisnottypicallyusedtoaskaquestion.Infact,arequest.•此句的施为用意是“请求”，而“请求”的言语行为是间接地通过“询问”这一言语行为来完成的。“请求”primaryillocutionaryact(首要言外行为)“询问”secondaryillocutionaryact(次要言外行为)A:Let’sgotothecinematonight.B:Ihavetostudyforanexam.•Adoesaspeechactofaninvitation.•Bsaidislikeastatement,yetherefusesAindirectly.Classification•Theconventionalindirectspeechact规约性间接言语行为•Thenon-conventionalindirectspeechacts非规约性间接言语行为Conventionalindirectspeechact通过社会或文化的规约，某些言语行为已固化为另一种言语行为，某些语言结构上的特征可以帮助人们判断这一类间接言语行为。Thiskindofutteranceisinfactthesameasthemeaningsofliteralutterances.Eg:1.Couldyoupassthesalt?2.请安静一会儿好吗？•Itmeansthatthetwoutterancesarenolongerexpressingtheirliteralmeaning“inquiry”,theyareunderstooddirectlyasakindof“request”.•不重视字面意义“询问”，直接理解为“请求”•六种间接指令（indirectdirectives）•1、涉及听话人实施A的能力的句子。Canyoupassthesalt?•2、涉及说话人希望听话人实施A的句子。Iwouldlikeyoutopassthesalt.•3、涉及听话人实施A的句子。Willyoupassthesalt?•4、涉及听话人实施A的意愿的句子。Wouldyoubewillingtopassthesalt?•5、涉及实施A理由的句子。•Itmighthelpifyoupassthesalt.•6、把上述形式中的一种嵌入到另一种中去，以及在上述的一种形式中嵌入一种显性指令性施事动词的句子。•Ihopeyouwon'tmindifIaskyouifyoucouldpassthesalt.Non-conventionalindirectspeechact•Thisismuchmoreflexiblethantheconventionalindirectspeechact,thehearerscannotinferthespeakers’meaningfromthelinguisticformsmainlydependonthemutualknowledgeamongspeakersandhearersandthecontexts.•A:晚上打扑克吧。B:女朋友要来(happenedinapartyorafterwork)依据：1,、共同具有的背景信息（语言&非语言）2、听话人的理解和判断能力3、言语行为能力4、会话合作的一般原则ThankYou!