间接言语行为理论

IntroductionAustin'sSpeechActTheorySearle'sIndirectSpeechActTheory--ClassificationofIndirectSpeechActsItsRelationswithOtherPragmaticTheoriesIntroductionThetheoryofindirectspeechactswasputforwardbytheAmericanphilosopheroflanguageJohnSearle.ItoriginatedfromAustin'stheory,butmadesomerevisions.OneofSearle'scontributionsliesinhisunderstandingoftheimportanceofspeechacts.Heregardsaspeechactasabasicunitinsocialcommunication,yetnotawordorasentence.Thismeansthathistheorypaysmuchattentiontothefunctionsratherthantheformsoflanguages.Austin'sSpeechActTheoryItallbeginswithAustin's)distinctionbetweentwokindsofsentences:performatives(施为句)andconstatives（叙事句）.Austinarguesthattheutteringofaperformativesentenceisactuallydoinganaction.InominateJohntobePresident,“Isentenceyoutotenyears’imprisionment,Ipromisetopayyouback.Inthesetypical,ratherexplicitcasesofperformativesentences,theactionthatthesentencedescribes(nominating,sentencing,promising)isperformedbytheutteranceofthesentenceitself.Later,whenAustintriestoseparateperformativesfromconstatives,herealizesthedifficultyindistinguishingthemfromapart.Infact,allsentencescanbeusedtoperformspeechacts.Inordertoexplaininwhatsensetosaysomethingistodosomething,Austinclassifiesthreekindsofspeechacts:1)locutionaryact（言内行为）–themovementofvocalorganstoproduceastretchofmeaningfulsounds,2)illocutionaryact（言外行为）-themakingofastatement,offer,promise,etc.tofulfillthepurposeofspeaking.(3)perlocutionaryact（言后行为）–theeffectsleftontheaudiences.Thesecondspeechact,i.e.illocutionaryact,isthefocusofAustin'sresearch,becausetheillocutionofanutteranceisthespeaker'scommunicativeintentionorthefunctionitisintendedtoperform.Inthissense,Austin'sspeechacttheoryisactuallyatheoryofillocutionaryacts.Hispreviousresearchfocusperformativestheninfactbelongstoaspecialgroupofillocutionaryactswhichareexpressedexplicitly.Searle'sIndirectSpeechActTheorySearlecontinueshisteacher'sresearchonillocutionaryacts,andfindsthatactuallyallthespeechactscanbeseenasillocutionaryacts.HemakessomerevisionstoAustin'sfelicityconditionsandusenewtermstoclassifyfelicityconditionsintothree:preparatoryconditions,propositionalcontentconditionsandsincerityconditions.1)Preparatoryconditions–conditionsthatidentifytheparticularcircumstancesandparticipantsappropriatetoperformingagivenillocutionaryact.2)Propositionalcontentconditions–conditionsthatdefinethecontentftheutterance.3)Sincerityconditions–conditionsthatinvolvethespeaker'snecessarybelief,emotionandintention.Accordingtotheseprinciples,wecananalyzethefelicityconditionsofaparticularspeechact.TakethespeechactrequestasanexampletoshowhowArequestBtodoC.1)Preparatoryconditions–AhasnotdoneC;AbelievesthatBcandoC;BwillnotdoCifheisnotaskedto.a.只有当听话人希望说话人去实施该行为，而且说话人也相信听话人希望他去实施该行为时，才能说出某一命题b.只有当说话人和听话人都明白，在正常情况下说话人不会趋势是某一行为时，才能说出某一命题2)Propositionalcontentconditions–AStatestheactCthatBwillperform.命题内容规则：命题只能出现在话语（或比话语更大的语境）中，他讲述了说话人将实施的某一行为。3)Sincerityconditions–AreallywantsBtodoC.只有当说话人希望实施某一行为时，才能说出某一命题。这一规则来自于真诚条件。Inthestudyoffelicityconditions,Searlefindssomeutteranceswhichdeliberatelyfailtofulfilltheconditionsforthespeechact.However,theseutterancestendtoconductanotherspeechactwhosefelicityconditionshavebeensatisfied.Thismeansthatwiththesameutterancethespeakermeaningisdifferentfromtheliteralmeaning,andthatisthereasonwhytheutteranceperformsaspeechactwhichisdifferentfromtheoneusuallyrelatedtotheliteralmeaning.Basedontheaboveunderstanding,Searledefinesanindirectspeechactasanillocutionaryactwhichisperformedindirectlybywayofperforminganother.塞尔认为间接言语现象实质上是“通过实施另一种言语行为来间接地实施某一种言语行为”。换言之，说话人想要通过句子的“字面用意”来表达间接的“言外之力”。Insummary,peopleoftenexpressideasinanindirectwaywhichleadstotwoillocutionaryactsintheindirectutterance.Thespeechactrelatedtothespeakermeaningiscalledprimaryillocutionaryact,whiletheactlinkedtotheliteralmeaningiscalledsecondaryillocutionaryact.(1)SpeakerX:“Weshouldleavefortheshoworelsewe’llbelate.”(2)SpeakerY:Iamnotreadyyet.“HeretheprimaryillocutionaryactisY'srejectionofX'ssuggestion,andthesecondaryillocutionaryactisY'sstatementthatsheisnotreadytoleave.Bydividingtheillocutionaryactintotwosubparts,Searleisabletoexplainthatwecanunderstandtwomeaningsfromthesameutteranceallthewhileknowingwhichisthecorrectmeaningtorespondto.例如：Mydear，thebeefhereistooexpensive．在这句话中，如果说话人只是抱怨这个地方出售的牛肉价格高而别无他意时，他的语言就是直接的；如果他的意图是想通过陈述而建议听话人换个地方再买的话，就实施了两个言外行为：一个是陈述，一个是建议。塞尔把说话人使用语言时所采用的两种言外行为称为首要言外行为和次要言外行为。首要言外行为体现的是说话人的真正意图，次要言外行为则是话语的字面意思。在例句中建议(首要言外行为)通过陈述(次要言外行为)来实现，说明语句的表层结构和深层结构、语句的字面意思和说话人的用意之间存在着不一致和不对应的现象，从而揭示出语言的形式和功能之间存在的多元关系。ClassificationofIndirectSpeechActsSearleclassifiedindirectspeechactsintotwocategories:conventionalandunconventional.Conventionalindirectspeechacts(规约性间接言语行为）refertothoseutteranceswithfamiliarandfixedexpressions.Peopletaketheseindirectspeechactsforgrantedandevenfailtodetecttheillocutionaryforceintheliteralmeaningofutterances.Unconventionalindirectspeechacts（非规约性间接言语行为）aremuchmoredifficulttodetect,sothehearerneedtoanalyzethecontext,sharesomecommonknowledgewiththespeakerandhavesomebasic