河流型饮用水源地应急处置技术筛选与评估体系研究

硕士学位论文河流型饮用水源地应急处置技术筛选与评估体系研究STUDYONTHESCREENINGANDASSESSMENTSYSYEMOFTHEEMERGENCYRESPONSETECHNOLOGYOFRIVERDRINKINGWATERSOURCE王少逸哈尔滨工业大学2012年7月中图分类号：X322学校代码：10213UDC:628密级：公开工学硕士学位论文河流型饮用水源地应急处置技术筛选与评估体系研究硕士研究生：王少逸导师：孟宪林副教授申请学位：工学硕士学科：环境科学与工程所在单位：市政环境工程学院答辩日期：2012年7月授予学位单位：哈尔滨工业大学ClassifiedIndex:X322U.D.C:628DissertationfortheMasterDegreeinEngineeringSTUDYONTHESCREENINGANDASSESSMENTSYSYEMOFTHEEMERGENCYRESPONSETECHNOLOGYOFRIVERDRINKINGWATERSOURCECandidate：WangShaoyiSupervisor：AssociateProf.MengXianlinAcademicDegreeAppliedfor：MasterofEngineeringSpeciality：EnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringAffiliation：SchoolofMunicipalandEnvironmentalEngineeringDateofDefence：July,2012Degree-Conferring-Institution：HarbinInstituteofTechnology哈尔滨工业大学工学硕士学位论文I摘要近几年以来，我国突发水污染事件频繁出现，严重威胁供水水源地环境，影响供水水质安全，引起公众和政府的广泛关注，凸显了水源地应急处置技术筛选评估体系建设的必要性。本研究以河流型饮用水源地突发污染事件为研究对象，通过广泛收集材料，建立了突发污染事件应急评估和处置技术的筛选方法，能够为突发的环境污染事故处理提供依据。首先，本文在调研分析我国近25年河流型水源地突发污染事件的基础上，通过事件统计得出我国河流型水源地突发污染事件的一般特点及发展规律，近十年此类污染事件明显增加，占统计总量的69.3%，以溶解性化学品为主要污染物，工厂泄漏为主要原因。针对河流型饮用水源保护区内重金属污染物、漂浮型有机物及溶解型有机物等典型污染构建污染事件案例库，为应对突发水源地污染事件选用最优应急处置技术提供基础数据。第二，在全面调研应对突发水源地污染所采用应急技术的基础上，对已应用的处置技术进行了梳理；并对于应急中采用的活性炭技术进行了实验室的模拟研究，以腐植酸为例模拟水源水突发农药污染事故中的污染状况，通过粉末活性炭吸附等温线的测定，分析粉末状活性炭投加位置和投加量的确定方法，当以腐植酸为例的污染物浓度约为2.5mg.L-1时，粉末活性炭的合理投加量为100mg.L-1，此时污染物去除率约为70%~80%。第三，本文建立了河流型水源地应急评估体系，该评估体系综合考虑污染事件的急迫性、危害性、严重性、迁移性，以应急评估指数为标准对污染事件等级快速判定，对突发水污染事件的严重程度做出评价；对应不同的应急级别构建了应急处置技术筛选指标体系，采用模糊综合评价法通过比较模糊综合指数的大小实现了对应急处置技术的筛选。最后，以松花江为例，计算与实测相结合确定水文参数，采用二维水质模型数值解模拟污染物在松花江水体的降解迁移过程，划分松花江饮用水水源保护区，以松花江水污染事件验证应急评估与技术筛选体系。关键词：河流型饮用水水源地；突发污染事件；应急评估；应急处置技术筛选哈尔滨工业大学工学硕士学位论文IIAbstractInrecentyears,China'ssuddenwaterpollutionincidentappearsfrequently.Asaseriousthreattotheenvironmentofthewatersource,ithasaffectedthesafetyofthequalityofwaterandcausedawiderangeofpublicandgovernmentconcern.Thesuddenwaterpollutionhighlightstheneedfortheconstructionoftheassessmentandscreeningsystemoftheemergencyresponsetechnologyofthewatersource.Thisstudyfocusesthesuddenwaterpollutionoftheriverdrinkingwatersourcethroughanextensivecollectionofmaterials.Theestablishmentoftheassessmentandscreeningmethodscanprovidethebasisfortheresponseofsuddenenvironmentalpollutionincident.First,aftertheanalysisoftheriverwatersourcesuddenpollutioneventsfromthepast25years,thegeneralcharacteristicsandlawofdevelopmentofChina'sriverwatersourcesuddenpollutionobtained.Thebasicdatatochoosethebestemergencyresponsetechnologyofthesuddenwaterpollutionincidentswasprovidedbybuildingacasebaseofthepollutionincidents.Second,onthebasisofglobalresearchtotheemergencydisposaltechnology,theappliedtechnologieswerecombed.Alaboratorysimulationofactivatedcarbontechnologyusedintheemergencywasmadebyusinghumicacidasapollutionsourceofsuddenpesticidepollutionincident.Bythedeterminationoftheadsorptionisotherm,theanalysisofthemethodfordeterminingthepowderactivatedcarbondosinglocationandthedosagerealized.Third,takingintoaccountthatitshouldbedistinguishedbetweentheseverityofsuddenpollutionincidentasapreconditionofthetheemergencytechnologyselection,thispaperestablishestheemergencyassessmentsystemofriverwatersources.Correspondingtoadifferentlevelofemergency,theemergencyresponsescreeningindexsystemandtheassessmentmethodofemergencyresponsetechnologywerebuilt.Finally,withtheSonghuaRiverasanexample,thehydrologicalparametersweredeterminedbythecombinationofcalculationandmeasure.Usingthe哈尔滨工业大学工学硕士学位论文IIInumericalsolutionofthetwo-dimensionalwaterqualitymodel,thesimulationofthedegradationandthemigrationprocesswasmade.UsingtheresultofthedivisionofSonghuaRiverdrinkingwatersourceprotectionzones,theemergencyassessmentandscreeningsystemwasverifiedbytheSonghuaRiverwaterpollutionincidents.Keywords:riverdrinkingwatersources,suddenpollutionincidents,emergencyassessment,emergencyresponsetechnologyscreening哈尔滨工业大学工学硕士学位论文IV目录摘要.............................................................................................................................IAbstract.........................................................................................................................II第1章绪论.............................................................................................................11.1课题背景及研究的目的意义..............................................................................11.1.1课题来源.........................................................................................................11.1.2课题背景.........................................................................................................11.1.3研究的目的和意义.........................................................................................21.2突发水污染事件应急体系研究现状与进展......................................................31.2.1国外研究现状及进展.....................................................................................31.2.2国内研究现状及进展.....................................................................................51.3研究目标及研究技术路线..................................................................................71.3.1研究目标...............................