二语习得vocabulary

1.1AnoverviewofEnglishvocabulary•Whatisaword?–Theminimalfreeformofalanguage,whichhasagivensound,meaningandsyntactic（语法的）function.•Wordsareformedbymorphemes–Bloomfielddistinguishesbetweentwotypesoflinguisticforms:freeformandboundform(自由形位和粘附形位）1•Thetermwordreferstothefundamentalunitofagivenlanguage,withsoundandmeaning(lexicalandgrammatical),capableofperformingagivensyntacticfunction(句法功能)(awordactsasastructuralunitofasentence).2morphemeswordsphrasesclausessentences•Allthewordsinalanguagetogetherconstitutewhatisknownasitsvocabulary.3Lexicology:Whatislexicology?lexicologylexic-（词汇的）-ology（科学，学问）eg.biologypsychology…Lexicon（词典）lexisvocabularyBriefly,itisthe“scienceoftheword”,andabranchoflinguisticsdealingwithvocabularyofalanguage.4Lexicologythestudyofthelexis（词汇的）inhumanlanguage(HowardJackson&EtienneZė2001,陆国强1999，et.al)generallexicology&speciallexicologystudytheuniversalprinciplesstudythelexisinaspeciallanguage5Notes:lexis•“词汇学”可以定义为“对某一种语言的词汇(lexis)的研究”。•“词汇”在英语里可以用vocabulary、lexis和lexicon来表示,三个术语大致上是同义的,但是,vocabulary比较口语化、lexicon比较学术化、而lexis界乎两者之间。(汪榕培)61.2DevelopmentofEnglishvocabulary•TheWorldLanguages–Itisestimatedthatthereareabout5000languagesallovertheworld,whichcanbegroupedintoabout300languagefamilies,suchasSino-TibetanFamily(汉藏语系),Indo-EuropeanFamily,AltaicFamily（阿尔泰语系）,andsoon.–ChineseisamemberintheSino-TibetanFamily,whileEnglishisamemberintheIndo-EuropeanFamily.•thecriteria（标准）todividelanguagefamilies?–1.thebasisofsimilaritiesintheirbasicwordstock–2.grammar71.2.1HistoricaldevelopmentofEnglishvocabulary•ThehistoryoftheEnglishlanguageisdividedintothreeperiods.–OldEnglish(449-1100)–MiddleEnglish(1100-1500)–ModernEnglish(1500-present)8•TheOldEnglish(450-1100)–ThehistoryoftheEnglishlanguagebeginswiththeconquestandsettlementofwhatisnowEnglandbytheAngles,Saxons,andtheJutesfromabout450AD.ThelanguagetheyspokewasAnglo-Saxon,whichreplacedtheCelticspokenbytheformerinhabitantsCelts.–ThevocabularyoftheOldEnglishconsistedmainlyofAnglo-Saxonwords,85%ofwhichwasnolongerinusenow.–OldEnglishwasratherdifferentfromModernEnglishinpronunciation,vocabularyandgrammar.92020/2/2•TheMiddleEnglish(1100-1500)–MiddleEnglishischaracterizedbythestronginfluenceofFrenchfollowingtheNormanConquestin1066.–AgreatnumberofFrenchwords(about9,000)wereintroducedintoEnglish.TheNormanConquestvirtuallyintroducedFrench-EnglishbilingualismintoEngland.(TheNormandialectofFrenchbecamethelanguageoftheupperclass,whileEnglishcompletelylostitsscholarlyandliteraryimportance,andwasusedonlybythepeasantsandpeopleoftheworkingclass)–Bytheendofthe13thcentury,Englishgraduallycamebackintotheschools,thelawcourts,andgovernmentandregainedsocialstatusthankstoWyclifftranslationoftheBibleandthewritingsofChaucer.10•ModernEnglish(1500-Now)–ModernEnglishbeganwiththeestablishmentofprintinginEnglandbyWilliamCaxton.–EarlyModernEnglish(1500–1700,theperiodoftheRenaissance,whichbeganinItaly,spreadinEuropeandreachedEnglishin16thcentury).InthisperiodtheinfluenceofLatinandGreekonEnglishwasgreat.ScholarstranslatedliteraturefromLatinandGreekintoEnglish.–Inthisperiod,thestudyofclassicswerestressedandtheresultwasthewholesaleborrowingfromLatin.TheLatinloanwordsweremostlyconnectedwithscienceandabstractideas.11•InfactEnglishhasadoptedwordsfromalmosteveryknownlanguageinthecourseofitshistoricaldevelopment.•AssummedupinTheEncyclopediaAmericana:“…TheEnglishlanguagehasvastdebts.Inanydictionarysome80%oftheentriesareborrowed”Englishissupposedtohavethemostcopiousvocabularyofallthelanguageintheworld,estimatedatmorethanamillionwords.121.2.2Thegrowthofpresent-dayEnglishvocabulary•The19thand20thcenturiessawanunprecedented（空前的）growthinscientificvocabularyasaconsequenceoftheindustrialrevolutionandthescientificexplorationanddiscovery.•AmericanEnglishbegantomaketheirwaytotheBritishIsles（大不列颠群岛）about1820.13•Neologisms(afterWorldWarII)（新词）•newlycoinedwordsorwordsthataregivennewmeaningtofitnewsituationbecauseofsocial,economic,political,cultural,scientificandtechnologicalchangesinhumansociety.•Themainreasons(sources)forthefrequentappearanceofneologismsarethree:–Marked（显著的）progressofscienceandtechnology–Socio-economic,politicalandculturalchanges–Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages14PercentageofeachsourceofnewEnglishwords56%30%14%scienceandtechnologytermslife-styletermssocialandeconomicterms151.2.3Modes（模式）ofEnglishvocabularydevelopment(1)Creation(创新词)Theformation（形成，构造）ofnewwordsthroughword-formationprocessesbyusingtheexistingmaterials,namelyroots（词根）,affixes（粘着词汇）andotherelements（元素）.(2)Semanticchange(旧词新意)Anoldformtakesonanewmeaningtomeetnewneed.(3)Borrowing(借词、外来词)Borrowed(loaned)wordsconstitutesixtosevenpercentofallnewwords.161.3ClassificationofEnglishvocabulary•TheEnglishvocabularymaybeclassifiedbythreemaincriteria（标准）:–byorigin,–bylevelofusage,and–bynotion（概念）.17•Byorigin,wordscanbeclassifiedintonativewords(vocabulary)andloanwords(vocabulary)（外来词）.–WordsofAnglo-Saxonoriginarenativewords.Theyformthegreatmajorityofthebasicwordstock（基本词汇）oftheEnglishlanguage.•Thefundamentalfeaturesofthebasicwordstoc