法律英语ppt复习总结

ChapteroneTobeenforceable,acontractmusthave:1.competentparties有能力的当事人2.Legalsubjectmatter合法标的3.Legalconsideration合法对价4.Mutualityofagreement合意5.Mutualityofobligation互负义务Enforceablecontract=offer+acceptance+consideration+intentOffer=intent+identifiedofferee+clearanddefiniteterms+specificdurationIntent=reasonableperson+objectivestandardThereceptionrule到达主义Thepostalacceptancerule(mailboxrule)发出主义Detrimentalreliance不利益的信赖；致人损害的信赖由于一方当事人对他人的行为或陈述产生信赖，从而导致自己处于不利地位的，则该种信赖即属不利益的信赖。不利益的信赖可以替代合同的对价，使某一单方的允诺成为可强制执行的合同。Somecriteriaofirremediabledamages一些不可弥补损害的标准1.monetarydamageswillnotsufficientlyreimbursethenonbreachingparty金钱赔偿不足以补偿未违约方2.Thecontractwasforpersonalservicesunobtainableelsewhere这是一份别处无法获得的个人服务合同3.Theproperty/serviceisrareorunique财产或者服务是罕见的或者唯一的4.Thebalanceofthehardshiptobothpartieshasbeenconsidered双方都考虑到履约和损失的平衡性Additionaltermsinacceptanceoraffirmation1.adefiniteandseasonableexpressionofacceptanceorawrittenconfirmationwhichissentwithinareasonabletimeoperatesasanacceptanceeventhoughitstatestermsadditionaltoordifferentfromthoseofferedoragreedupon,unlessacceptanceisexpresslymadeconditionalonassenttotheadditionalordifferentterms.一个明确和合理的承诺的表达或者书面的确认书在合理的时间内作为承诺发出，即使它表述额外的条款或者不同于要约或者所商定的，除非承诺是明确附加了条件对于那些附加条款或者不同条款。2.Theadditionaltermsaretobeconstructedasproposalsforadditiontothecontract.Betweenmerchantssuchtermsbecomepartofthecontractunless附加条款将作为对合同的补充条款提出建议。在商人之间，这些条款成为合同的一部分A.theofferexpresslylimitsacceptancetothetermsoftheofferB.TheymateriallyalteritC.Notificationofobjectiontothemhasalreadybeengivenwithinareasonabletimeafternoticeofthemisreceived.3.Conductbybothpartieswhichrecognizestheexistenceofacontractissufficienttoestablishacontractforsalealthough（但是）thewritingsofthepartiesdonototherwiseestablishacontract.Insuchcasethetermsoftheparticularcontractconsistof（包括）thosetermsonwhichthewritingsofthepartiesagree,togetherwithanysupplementarytermsincorporatedunderanyotherprovisionsofthisAct.双方当事人承认存在合同的行为，足以成立买卖合同，但当事人的书面文件另有约定的除外。在这种情况下，特定合同的条款包括双方书面同意的条款，以及根据本法任何其他规定合并的任何补充条款。SilenceNotnormallyconsideredacceptance,althoughthereareexceptiontotherule.比如交易习惯。Whatshouldbeincludedinacontract?1.Heading标题2.Exordium绪论导论3.Recitals详述（合同成立的背景信息）4.Transition解释合同中用语5.Definition定义，阐释（合同条款的详细解释）6.Operativeprovisions执行条款（合同的主体）7.Interpretation解释8.Conditionsprecedent先决条件9.Otheroperativeclauses其他执行条款10.Testimoniumclause证明条款11.Schedules附录ChaptertwoThefederalgovernmentwiththelimitedpowers（联邦政府的有限权利）:1.imposefederaltaxes征收联邦税2.Wagewar发动战争Regulateinterstateandforeigncommerce管理州际和国外商业3.Maketreatieswithforeigngovernment和外国政府缔结条约Threebranchesofthefederalgovernment1.federalsystemofcourts2.Executivebranch3.LegislativebranchBicameral（两党制）:senate参议院andthehouseofrepresentative众议院Republicanparty共和党anddemocraticparty民主党Theunitedkingdom:ThehouseoflordsandthehouseofcommonsThelaborparty（工党）andtheconservativeparty（保守党）Seriesofchecksandbalances制衡机制Judicialreview司法审查Threeconceptsinheritedfrombritish1.supremacyoflaw法律至上2.Precedent遵循先例3.Adversaryproceeding对抗程序Staredecisis=nonquietamovereAttorneystocoursesofactions代理诉讼的律师1.Reconcile（核对）thefactsofthecurrentcasewithpriordecision2.Attempttoconvincethejudgetorepudiate（否认）apriordecisionHolding:bindingauthorityDicta:persuasiveauthorityClassificationoflawintheunitedstates1.lawandequity2.Substantiveandprocedurallaw3.PubliclawandprivatelawIfthelegalremediesaresufficient,equitableremediescannotbeusedProcedurallaw程序法1.issueofjurisdiction管辖权问题2.Pretrialactions审前行为3.Admissibilityofevidence证据的可采性4.Appeals上诉Substantivelaw实体法1.Torts侵权2.Productsliability产品责任3.Corporation法人4.Contracts合同Publiclaw公法1.constitutionallaw宪法2.Administrativelaw行政管理法3.Laborlaw劳动法4.Traderegulation贸易规章，贸易条例5.Criminallaw刑法6.Taxlaw税法Privatelaw私法1.civillaw(contracts,familylaw,propertylaw)民法2.Commerciallaw(negotiableinstrument,sales,secured,transactions)商法3.Businessenterprises(agency,corporations,partnerships)商业企业、工商企业Chapterthreelegalauthorities一、Statute制定法、单行法precedent判例Essentialterms1.Plaintiff2.Defendant3.Appellant4.Appellee5.Jurisdiction管辖权6.remand发回重审(committedaproceduralerror;failedtoadmitevidenceorwitness...)7.Cert.denied拒绝调卷令（certioraridenied）8.Writofcertiorari9.Causeofaction诉由10.Referto设计，指的是，参考，适用于11.Initiate最初的，开始12.Articulate明确有力的表达13.Rationale原理的阐释，解释，基本原理14.Citation索引号15.Statereporters州判例集16.Regionalreporters联邦判例集17.U.S.supremecourtreporters美国最高法院判例集18.Atlanticreporters19.Pacificreporters20.Co.Corporation公司，法人21.Descriptors描述符Secondarysourcese.g.corpusjurissecundum[C.J.S.]博士论文汇编Americanjurisprudence[Am.Jur.]美国法释义全集Federalandstatedigests(汇编，文摘）Annotatedstatutebooks注释法典Statelegalsystem1.trialcourt初审法院一审法院Jury-unanimousverdict一致裁断除非当事人双方同意多数裁断majorityverdict2.Appellatecourt上诉法院Bankofjudge全体法官，审判庭，合议庭Appellantv.appelleePetitionerv.respondentIssueoflaw法律问题Prejudicialerror造成损害的错误法庭在诉讼中所犯的给一方当事人造成损害的法律错误，可作为上诉法院撤销原判的理由。Reversetrialcourtdecision改判Affirmtrialcourtdecision维持原判3.StateSupremecourt州最高法院ConflictwithUSconstitutionorfederallaw与美国宪法或联邦法律相抵触Finalarbitratorsofstatelaw州法终审仲裁员FederallegalsystemThirteencircuits13个巡回审判区1.U.S.districtcourt联